The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission: II. Sex Differences in the Familial Transmission of Sociopathy (Antisocial Personality)

1975 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Robert Cloninger ◽  
Theodore Reich ◽  
Samuel B. Guze
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Black Families ◽  
Parental Home ◽  
Multifactorial Model ◽  
Familial Environment

SummarySociopathy is highly familial in both white and black families. Sociopathy in men and women clusters in the same families, but is much more frequent in men than in women. It is more prevalent among relatives of sociopathic women than among relatives of sociopathic men. The sex difference in its prevalence appears to be due to sex-related cultural or biological factors causing the threshold to be more deviant in women. There is no evidence of a genetic difference in its prevalence and transmission according to race.The two-threshold Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission provides an explanation for the striking sex difference in the transmission of sociopathy. Such a pattern of transmission is obtained only in diseases whose genetic component is polygenic or, if only one or a few genotypes are relevant, where each of these has a small effect relative to environmental factors.Assortative mating accounts for a large proportion of the observed similarity between relatives. However, the familial clustering of male and female sociopaths is not dependent on assortative mating.The high correlation among siblings that is expected under conditions of random mating indicates that environmental factors common to siblings contribute to the aetiology of sociopathy. The greater deviance of the parental home experiences of sociopathic women compared to sociopathic men is further evidence of the importance of familial environment.

The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission: III. Familial Relationship Between Sociopathy and Hysteria (Briquet's Syndrome)

1975 ◽  
Vol 127 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Robert Cloninger ◽  
Theodore Reich ◽  
Samuel B. Guze
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Family Data ◽  
Multifactorial Model ◽  
First Degree Relatives ◽  
Familial Association ◽  
Familial Relationship ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Clinical Pictures

SummaryHysteria (Briquet's Syndrome) and sociopathy cluster in the same families instead of segregating as independent traits. Assortative mating between hysterics and sociopaths increases the observed similarity between relatives, but the familial association between sociopathy and hysteria remains after taking assortative mating into account. The Multifactorial Model of Disease Transmission with three thresholds related to severity and sex accounts for population and family data about sociopathic men, sociopathic women, and women with hysteria. The data were obtained for 227 first-degree relatives and for 800 subjects in the general population.Depending on the sex of the individual and its severity, the same aetiological process may lead to different, sometimes overlapping, clinical pictures. Specifically, analysis indicates that hysteria in women is a more prevalent and less deviant manifestation of the same process that causes sociopathy in women.

scholarly journals Quantifying the prevalence of assortative mating in a human population

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Jaffe
Keyword(s):  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Genetic Composition ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Maintenance Of Sex ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
The Uk ◽  
First Time

AbstractFor the first time, empirical evidence allowed to construct the frequency distribution of a genetic relatedness index between the parents of about half a million individuals living in the UK. The results suggest that over 30% of the population is the product of parents mating assortatively. The rest is probably the offspring of parents matching the genetic composition of their partners randomly. High degrees of genetic relatedness between parents, i.e. extreme inbreeding, was rare. This result shows that assortative mating is likely to be highly prevalent in human populations. Thus, assuming only random mating among humans, as widely done in ecology and population genetic studies, is not an appropriate approximation to reality. The existence of assortative mating has to be accounted for. The results suggest the conclusion that both, assortative and random mating, are evolutionary stable strategies. This improved insight allows to better understand complex evolutionary phenomena, such as the emergence and maintenance of sex, the speed of adaptation, runaway adaptation, maintenance of cooperation, and many others in human and animal populations.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF POPULATION SIZE AND SELECTION INTENSITY ON RESPONSES TO DISRUPTIVE SELECTION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER

Genetics ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 715-735
Author(s):  
J S F Barker ◽  
L J E Karlsson
Keyword(s):  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Female Parent ◽  
Disruptive Selection ◽  
Lethal Gene ◽  
Selection Intensity ◽  
Bristle Number ◽  
Isolation Index ◽  
Selection Intensities ◽  
High Selection

ABSTRACT Disruptive selection for sternopleural bristle number with opportunity for random mating was done in the four treatment combinations of two population sizes (40 pairs and 8 pairs of selected parents) and two selection intensities (1 in 40 and 1 in 2). In each generation, matings among selected parents were observed in a mating chamber, and progeny collected separately from each female parent. In the high number, high selection intensity treatment, divergence between the high and low parts ceased about generation 11. The isolation index increased rapidly to generation 3, but then fluctuated to termination of the population at generation 17. The overall isolation index was significant, indicating a real tendency to assortative mating. The failure of the isolation index to increase after generation 3 was attributed to lower average mating fitness of high males (due to inbreeding) and reduced receptivity of low females (due to a homozygous lethal gene with a large effect on sternopleural bristle number in heterozygotes). In the two low number treatments, isolation indices fluctuated from generation to generation with no obvious trends, and none of the overall isolation indices were significantly different from zero. The high number, low selection intensity treatment showed very little divergence, and one of the replicates showed, in contrast with expectation and the high number, high selection intensity treatment, a significant tendency to disassortative mating. Intense disruptive selection may lead to assortative mating.

scholarly journals Selection using assortative mating in Drosophila melanogaster

1963 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 356-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenorchy McBride ◽  
Alan Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Selection Response ◽  
Index Selection ◽  
Individual Selection ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Selected Lines ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Rate Of Response

The effectiveness of the assortative mating of selected individuals in increasing selection response was tested, using abdominal chaeta score in Drosophila melanogaster. Three paired comparisons were made. In two sets of lines with 10 matings per line, individual score was used for selection and as the basis for the assortative mating. In the third set with 20 matings per line an index of individual and family score, designed to maximize rate of response, was used.The intensity of selection was one in ten in all lines. Flies were raised in vials and individual pedigrees were kept.In all comparisons, assortative mating gave a greater selection response, this being partly due to a greater realized heritability and partly to a greater selection differential. The effect of the assortative mating was largest in the index selected lines. With random mating, the effectiveness of the index selection itself when compared to individual selection was in accordance with theory.In two comparisons, assortative mating increased the rate of inbreeding. The highest rate of inbreeding was observed with index selection and assortative mating, even though there were here twice as many matings as in the individually selected lines.In the individual selection lines, the effective population size was 7·4 pairs of parents, compared to the actual value of 10 and in the index lines 7·0 compared to 20. In the former, only one-half of the matings in the initial generations made any permanent contributions to the line and in the index lines only one-third. Within generations and lines, there was a significant positive correlation between the mean score of a family and its inbreeding coefficient.It is suggested that assortative mating is a method of increasing selection response in some situations. Its particular characteristic is that it becomes more powerful when the heritability is high whereas all of the other environmental aids to individual selection are more effective when the heritability is low.

Genetic and Cultural Transmission of Antisocial Behavior: An Extended Twin Parent Model

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hermine H. Maes ◽  
Judy L. Silberg ◽  
Michael C. Neale ◽  
Lindon J. Eaves
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Antisocial Behavior ◽  
Assortative Mating ◽  
Cultural Transmission ◽  
Shared Environment ◽  
Simultaneous Estimation ◽  
Adoption Studies ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Genes And Environment ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

AbstractConsiderable evidence from twin and adoption studies indicates that both genetic and shared environmental factors play a substantial role in the liability to antisocial behavior. Although twin and adoption designs can resolve genetic and environmental influences, they do not provide information about assortative mating, parent–offspring transmission, or the contribution of these factors to trait variation. We examined the role of genetic and environmental factors for conduct disorder (CD) using a twin–parent design. This design allows the simultaneous estimation of additive genetic, shared and individual-specific environmental effects, as well as sex differences in the expression of genes and environment in the presence of assortative mating and combined genetic and cultural transmission. A retrospective measure of CD was obtained from twins and their parents or guardians in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavior Development and its Young Adult Follow up sample. Both genetic and environmental factors play a significant role in the liability to CD. Major influences on individual differences appeared to be additive genetic (38%–40%) and unique environmental (39%–42%) effects, with smaller contributions from the shared environment (18%–23%), assortative mating (~2%), cultural transmission (~2%) and resulting genotype-environment covariance. This study showed significant heritability, which is slightly increased by assortative mating, and significant effects of primarily nonparental shared environment on CD.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Risk Factors of the COVID-19 Pandemic in New York State: Implication of Future Policies

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 627
Author(s):  
Anran Zheng ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
Xiaojuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
New York ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Spatial Autocorrelation ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
New York State ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Spatiotemporal Pattern ◽  
York State ◽  
Time Scan

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been spreading in New York State since March 2020, posing health and socioeconomic threats to many areas. Statistics of daily confirmed cases and deaths in New York State have been growing and declining amid changing policies and environmental factors. Based on the county-level COVID-19 cases and environmental factors in the state from March to December 2020, this study investigates spatiotemporal clustering patterns using spatial autocorrelation and space-time scan analysis. Environmental factors influencing the COVID-19 spread were analyzed based on the Geodetector model. Infection clusters first appeared in southern New York State and then moved to the central western parts as the epidemic developed. The statistical results of space-time scan analysis are consistent with those of spatial autocorrelation analysis. The analysis results of Geodetector showed that both temperature and population density were strong indications of the monthly incidence of COVID-19, especially in March and April 2020. There is a trend of increasing interactions between various risk factors. This study explores the spatiotemporal pattern of COVID-19 in New York State over ten months and explains the relationship between the disease transmission and influencing factors.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PENDEKATAN SANITASI DALAM MENANGANI STUNTING (STUDI LITERATUR)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Syamsuddin Syam ◽  
Ulfa Zafirah Anisah
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Handwashing With Soap

Sanitation is the prevention of disease by eliminating or controlling environmental factors that form a link in disease transmission. Poor sanitation can cause infectious diseases in toddlers and can lead to stunting. Stunting or short is a condition of failure to thrive in infants (0-11 months) and children under five (12-59 months) as a result of chronic malnutrition, especially in the first 1,000 days of life so that the child is too short for his age.            This study aims to determine the sanitation factor with the incidence of stunting. This type of research is a literature study, namely by collecting data in the form of secondary data obtained from the literature and the results of previous studies that examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. The sample in this literature study research is 5 journals related to the title.            The results of the study showed that there were 5 journals on sanitation approaches in dealing with the incidence of stunting which was influenced by access to latrines, washing hands with soap, clean water facilities, sewerage channels, and they were stated to have a significant relationship with the incidence of stunting.            Based on the results, it can be concluded that poor sanitation will increase the risk of stunting in toddlers. Things that can be suggested are the control of risk factors for stunting, namely improving and maintaining latrine access, washing hands with soap, clean water facilities and sewerage channels. Keywords: Latrine Access, Handwashing With Soap, Clean Water Facilities, Sewerage, Sanitation, Stunting

Mathematical Models for Describing the Clustering of Sociopathy and Hysteria in Families

1977 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 294-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Hutchinson ◽  
S. P. Satterthwaite
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Normal Model ◽  
Multifactorial Model ◽  
Bivariate Normal ◽  
Bivariate Normal Model ◽  
Familial Clustering

SummaryThe fitting of the multifactorial model of disease transmission to the familial clustering of hysteria and sociopathy by Cloninger et al (1) involved an approximation. This note reports the results of fitting the bivariate Normal model exactly and also two other distributions.

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