Side‐looking underground radar (SLUR): Physical modeling and case history

Geophysics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1925-1932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Daniels ◽  
James Brower
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Physical Modeling ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Plan View ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Oriented Object ◽  
Horizontal Layers

A modification of conventional surface ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) was conceived, tested, and successfully applied in the field at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to investigate waste pits. The modified GPR method consists of making measurements along a traverse line in a sloping trench with the radar’s antenna oriented at an angle of up to 45° from the horizontal. The direction of propagation of the electromagnetic field for this configuration is not vertical, and the amount of energy scattered from objects that are oriented vertically relative to the energy scattered from horizontal layers is increased. This fundamental feature of side‐looking underground radar (SLUR) measurements is illustrated by physical modeling. Measurements made along parallel trenches that are offset at different distances from a vertically oriented object provides GPR cross‐sections with a primary plane of investigation that intersects the vertical feature at different depths. SLUR was used at BNL in conjunction with conventional surface GPR measurements (displayed as 3-D blocks and plan‐view time slices) to enhance the vertical definition and improve the depth estimates of the waste pits.

scholarly journals Using Ground Penetrating Radar to Reveal Hidden Archaeology: The Case Study of the Württemberg-Stambol Gate in Belgrade (Serbia)

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 607
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Ristić ◽  
Miro Govedarica ◽  
Lara Pajewski ◽  
Milan Vrtunski ◽  
Željko Bugarinović
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Ground Penetrating

This paper presents the results of a research study where ground penetrating radar (GPR) was successfully used to reveal the remains of the Württemberg-Stambol Gate in the subsurface of Republic Square, in Belgrade, Serbia. GPR investigations were carried out in the context of renovation works in the square, which involved rearranging traffic control, expanding the pedestrian zone, renewing the surface layer, and valorising existing archaeological structures. The presence of the gate remains was suggested by historical documents and information from previous restoration works. A pulsed radar unit was used for the survey, with antennas having 200- and 400-MHz central frequencies. Data were recorded over a grid and two three-dimensional models were built, one for each set of antennas. The grid was the same for both sets of antennas, therefore the two models could be compared. Several horizontal cross sections of the models were plotted, corresponding to different depths; these images were carefully examined and interpreted, paying particular attention to signatures that could originate from the sought archaeological structures. Reflections coming from the gate remains were identified in both models, in the same region of the survey area and at the same depth; the geometry, size, and layout of the gate columns, as well as of other construction elements belonging to the gate, were determined with very good accuracy. Based on the GPR findings, archaeological excavation works were carried out in the region where the foundation remains were estimated to be. The presence of the remains was confirmed, with various columns and side walls. This case study demonstrates and further corroborates the effectiveness and reliability of GPR for the non-invasive prospection of archaeological structures hidden in the heterogeneous subsurface of urban environments. In the opinion of the authors, GPR should be incorporated as a routine field procedure in construction and renovation projects involving historical cities.

REFLECTIVITY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC (EM) WAVE IN SHALLOW GROUND PENETRATING RADAR (GPR) SURVEY

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (7-3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Azwin Ismail ◽  
Nordiana Mohd Muztaza ◽  
Rosli Saad
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Geophysical Method ◽  
Wave Reflections ◽  
Material Parameters ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Underground Utilities ◽  
Dielectric Contrast ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that is widely used in geophysical surveys, civil engineering applications, archaeological studies and locating underground utilities or hidden objects. It works by sending electromagnetic (EM) wave into the ground by transmitter and recording the returning signals by receiver. The returning signals bring information about the materials and changes in material parameters at different depths. The changes in dielectric properties () of two adjacent media result in EM wave reflections. In this study, several types of materials with different dielectric properties () are used in order to identify the reflectivity of the EM wave. Results prove that the larger the dielectric contrast, the higher the reflection coefficient thus the stronger the reflection.

scholarly journals Underground Pipeline Identification into a Non-Destructive Case Study Based on Ground-Penetrating Radar Imaging

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Iftimie ◽  
Adriana Savin ◽  
Rozina Steigmann ◽  
Gabriel Silviu Dobrescu
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Multiple Interfaces ◽  
Background Removal ◽  
Subsurface Sensing ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Location Depth ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Non Destructive

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has become one of the key technologies in subsurface sensing and, in general, in nondestructive testing (NDT), since it is able to detect both metallic and nonmetallic targets. GPR has proven its ability to work in electromagnetic frequency range for subsoil investigations, and it is a risk-reduction strategy for surveying underground various targets and their identification and detection. This paper presents the results of a case study which exceeds the laboratory level being realized in the field in a real case where the scanning conditions are much more difficult using GPR signals for detecting and assessing underground drainage metallic pipes which cross an area with large buildings parallel to the riverbed. The two urban drainage pipes are detected based on GPR imaging. This provides an approximation of their location and depth which are convenient to find from the reconstructed profiles of both simulated and practical GPR signals. The processing of data recorded with GPR tools requires appropriate software for this type of measurement to detect between different reflections at multiple interfaces located at different depths below the surface. In addition to the radargrams recorded and processed with the software corresponding to a GPR device, the paper contains significant results obtained using techniques and algorithms of the processing and post-processing of the signals (background removal and migration) that gave us the opportunity to estimate the location, depth, and profile of pipes, placed into a concrete duct bank, under a structure with different layers, including pavement, with good accuracy.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Simplified vs. Detailed Methodologies for SSI Analyses of Deeply Embedded Structures

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Xu ◽  
C. Miller ◽  
C. Hofmayer ◽  
H. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Performance Assessment ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Response Spectra ◽  
Nuclear Regulatory Commission ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Beam Model ◽  
Simplified Approach ◽  
Embedded Structures ◽  
Different Depths

Sponsored by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is carrying out a research program to develop a technical basis to support the safety evaluation of deeply embedded and/or buried (DEB) structures as proposed for advanced reactor designs. In this program, the methods and computer programs established for the assessment of soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects for the current generation of light water reactors are evaluated to determine their applicability and adequacy in capturing the seismic behavior of DEB structures. This paper presents an assessment of the simplified vs. detailed methodologies for seismic analyses of DEB structures. In this assessment, a lump-mass beam model is used for the simplified approach and a finite element representation is employed for the detailed method. A typical containment structure embedded in a soil profile representative of a typical nuclear power plant site was utilized, considering various embedment depths from shallow to full burial. BNL used the CARES program for the simplified model and the SASSI2000 program for the detailed analyses. The calculated response spectra at the key locations of the DEB structure are used for the performance assessment of the applied methods for different depths of burial. Included in the paper are: 1) the description of both the simplified and detailed models for the SSI analyses of the DEB structure, 2) the comparison of the analysis results for the different depths of burial between the two methods, and 3) the performance assessment of the analysis methodologies for SSI analyses of DEB structures. The resulting assessment from this study has indicated that simplified methods may be capable of capturing the seismic response for much deeper embedded structures than would be normally allowed by the standard practice.

The e+–H experiment of the Bielefeld–Brookhaven collaboration

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 361-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Raith ◽  
A. Hofmann ◽  
M. Weber ◽  
K. G. Lynn
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Positron Beam ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Experimental Setup ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Remaining Time

The Bielefeld–Brookhaven collaboration began in 1989 and was originally scheduled for a duration of three and then six years and has recently been extended for about one more year. It will end in 1996 for reasons of manpower and funding. The goal of this collaboration was to measure integral and differential e+–H cross sections by employing the high-intensity positron beam (HIP) of the Brookhaven National Laboratory, anticipated to provide an electrostatically guided beam of 109 moderated positrons s−1. This goal has not yet been reached. Over all these years, the HIP operation has been suffering from a variety of technical difficulties, despite the great efforts of all parties involved. Nevertheless, since the HIP situation is improving, we will continue this collaboration and try to reach the goal within the remaining time. Our experimental results obtained with low-current positron beams thus far are discussed together with related experimental and theoretical work of other groups. Particular attention is given to open questions. The present experimental setup at the Brookhaven National Laboratory is described in detail. The planned measurements are outlined in order of their priority.

scholarly journals River sedimentation modeling using ground-penetrating radar

2021 ◽  
Vol 873 (1) ◽  
pp. 012041
Author(s):  
M A Firdaus ◽  
Widodo ◽  
Fatkhan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Subsurface Imaging ◽  
Geophysical Method ◽  
Geological Models ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Synthetic Models

Abstract In recent years, siltation has become quite a problem. It has been the main cause of flooding and a rapid decline in water quality. It is usually caused by a high river sedimentation rate and/or uncontrolled waste disposal. The increased rate of erosion also means that river sedimentation occurs faster than normal and could lead to environmental hazards, wildlife deaths, and the disruption of food and drinking water supply among other things. The question is how to monitor the sedimentation process of rivers without damaging the river itself. The suitable geophysical method is GPR. GPR is an active, non-intrusive geophysical method in which electromagnetic radiation and the reflected signals in the form of radar pulses are used for subsurface imaging. The objective is to investigate river sedimentation using GPR, we created the synthetic models based on geological models of rivers with different depths to create their 2-D radargrams to predict the actual model. We set up the first model RSM-I as control which consists of a layer of freshwater with ρ = 16 Ωm, k = 81 and μ r = 1 of depth 5 m, two layers of sandstone with ρ = 850 Ωm, k = 2.5 and μ r = 1 of total depth 4 m, and a layer of claystone with ρ = 120 Ωm, k = 11 and μ r = 1 of depth 1 m. RSM-II and III are added with a buildup of saturated sediment with ρ = 30 Ωm, k = 15, and μ r = 1 of depth 2.5 and 4 m, respectively. The radargrams’ reflector for each model shows a two-way travel time of 300-350, 150-200, and 60-90 ns in their respective order. GPR models can differentiate between the saturated sediment and freshwater, it shows good results regarding sediment investigation in rivers.

scholarly journals GPRTVN – Processing ground penetrating radar data software

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 97-104
Author(s):  
Van Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Thuan Van Nguyen ◽  
Trung Hoai Dang ◽  
Triet Minh Vo ◽  
Lieu Nguyen Nhu Vo
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
Processing Program ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Construction Works

Designing and mapping underground construction works have been doing for years to meet urgent demands in urbanization process. In this field, Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) method has shown many advantages in determining underground structures. However, our country has almost no processing program that meets demands of processing and interpretation GPR data. This paper introduced GPRTVN processing program which was the research result of the Department of Geophysics for years. This program could process data of many present GPR equipments and quickly provide cross sections of existing underground constructions. It would be very useful for construction and building investigation companies in Vietnam.

The use of GPR in Archaeology: the structural detailing of buried roman baths

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberta Santarelli ◽  
Luca Bianchini Ciampoli ◽  
Andrea Benedetto
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Computer Application ◽  
Group Project ◽  
Plan View ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Roman Baths ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Structural Detailing

<p>Ground Penetrating Radar has widely proven to be an effective tool for archaeological purposes [1-4]. Our contribution concerns a geophysical experimental activity carried out in the Maxentius Complex, an archaeological site located between the second and the third miles of the ancient Appian Way in Rome, Italy. This site is characterized by different phases dated between the end of the 3rd and the beginning of the 4th century AD. The objective of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of GPR, in this case using two different antennas (200 MHz and 600 MHz frequencies), for the structural detailing of buried roman baths structures. As a result, GPR analysis confirmed the literature-based information, i.e. to precisely locate the tanks of the thermal area (2nd century AD). The structure was partially brought to light and reburied during the second half of the last century, providing a partial plan view of the area. In addition, the tomographic results, together with the analysis of B-Scans, highlighted the presence of two further tanks, thereby suggesting the possibility of further rooms which are located close to the known ones. Furthermore, the tomographic analysis revealed a wall pattern that seems to suggest the presence of other rooms in the top-right side of the area. In general terms, GPR demonstrated a great applicability to archaeological purposes, for example to detect buried remains and to interpret the function of buried structures, despite the reliability and productivity of the data interpretation are strongly influenced by the expertise of both the geophysicists and the archaeologists involved.</p><p> </p><p>This work falls within the project “ArchaeoTrack”, supported by Regione Lazio, under the Framework “L.R. 13/08, Research Group Project n. 20 prot. 85-2017-14857”.</p><p> </p><ol><li>Bianchini Ciampoli, L., Benedetto, A., Tosti, F., {2018} “The ArchaeoTrack Project: Use of Ground-Penetrating Radar for Preventive Conservation of Buried Archaeology Towards the Development of a Virtual Museum”, In. Proc. of MetroArchaeo, Cassino, Italy</li> <li>Milligan, R., & M., Atkin, {1993}. The use of ground-probing radar within a digital environment on archaeological sites, in Andresen, J., Madsen, T. and Scollar, I., eds., Computing the Past: Computer Application and Quantitative methods in Archaeology: Aarhus, Denmark, Aarhus University Press, pp. 285–291.</li> <li>Oswin, J., {2018}. The Roman Baths, Bath Archway Project Geophysical Survey, January 2018.</li> <li>Pisani Sartorio, G., & Calza R., {1976}. “La villa di Massenzio sulla Via Appia: Il Palazzo - Le Opere D'Arte”, in Monumenti romani VI, Roma.</li> </ol>

scholarly journals Beyond Amplitudes: Multi-Trace Coherence Analysis for Ground-Penetrating Radar Data Imaging

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Immo Trinks ◽  
Alois Hinterleitner
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Coherence Analysis ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Seismic Attribute ◽  
Plan View ◽  
Subsurface Structures ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Under suitable conditions, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements harbour great potential for the non-invasive mapping and three-dimensional investigation of buried archaeological remains. Current GPR data visualisations almost exclusively focus on the imaging of GPR reflection amplitudes. Ideally, the resulting amplitude maps show subsurface structures of archaeological interest in plan view. However, there exist situations in which, despite the presence of buried archaeological remains, hardly any corresponding anomalies can be observed in the GPR time- or depth-slice amplitude images. Following the promising examples set by seismic attribute analysis in the field of exploration seismology, it should be possible to exploit other attributes than merely amplitude values for the enhanced imaging of subsurface structures expressed in GPR data. Coherence is the seismic attribute that is a measure for the discontinuity between adjacent traces in post-stack seismic data volumes. Seismic coherence analysis is directly transferable to common high-resolution 3D GPR data sets. We demonstrate, how under the right circumstances, trace discontinuity analysis can substantially enhance the imaging of structural information contained in GPR data. In certain cases, considerably improved data visualisations are achievable, facilitating subsequent data interpretation. We present GPR trace coherence imaging examples taken from extensive, high-resolution archaeological prospection GPR data sets.

PION-INDUCED FISSION OF 209Bi AND 119Sn: MEASUREMENTS, CALCULATIONS, ANALYSES AND COMPARISON

2011 ◽  
Vol 20 (08) ◽  
pp. 1709-1722
Author(s):  
MUKHTAR AHMED RANA ◽  
GUL SHER ◽  
SHAHID MANZOOR ◽  
M. I. SHEHZAD
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Fission Fragment ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Fission Cross Section ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Statistical Weight ◽  
Weight Functions ◽  
Nuclear Track Detector ◽  
Induced Fission

Cross-sections for the π--induced fission of 209 Bi and 119 Sn have been measured using the most sensitive CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detector. In experiments, target–detector stacks were exposed to negative pions of energy 500, 672, 1068, and 1665 MeV at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA. An important aspect of the present paper is the comparison of pion-induced fission fragment spectra of above mentioned nuclei with the spontaneous fission fragment spectra of 252 Cf . This comparison is made in terms of fission fragment track lengths in the CR-39 detectors. Measurement results are compared with calculations of Monte Carlo and statistical weight functions methods using the computer code CEM95. Agreement between measurements and calculations is fairly good for 209 Bi target nuclei whereas it is indigent for the case of 119 Sn . The possibilities of the trustworthy calculations, using the computer code CEM95, comparable with measurements of pion-induced fission in intermediate and heavy nuclei are explored by employing various systematics available in the code. Energy dependence of pion-induced fission in 119 Sn and 209 Bi is analyzed employing a newly defined parameter geometric-size-normalized fission cross-section [Formula: see text]. It is found that the collective nuclear excitations, which may lead to fission, become more probable for both 209 Bi and 119 Sn nuclei with increasing energy of negative pions from 500 to 1665 MeV .

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