scholarly journals Using Ground Penetrating Radar to Reveal Hidden Archaeology: The Case Study of the Württemberg-Stambol Gate in Belgrade (Serbia)

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 607
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Ristić ◽  
Miro Govedarica ◽  
Lara Pajewski ◽  
Milan Vrtunski ◽  
Željko Bugarinović
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Ground Penetrating

This paper presents the results of a research study where ground penetrating radar (GPR) was successfully used to reveal the remains of the Württemberg-Stambol Gate in the subsurface of Republic Square, in Belgrade, Serbia. GPR investigations were carried out in the context of renovation works in the square, which involved rearranging traffic control, expanding the pedestrian zone, renewing the surface layer, and valorising existing archaeological structures. The presence of the gate remains was suggested by historical documents and information from previous restoration works. A pulsed radar unit was used for the survey, with antennas having 200- and 400-MHz central frequencies. Data were recorded over a grid and two three-dimensional models were built, one for each set of antennas. The grid was the same for both sets of antennas, therefore the two models could be compared. Several horizontal cross sections of the models were plotted, corresponding to different depths; these images were carefully examined and interpreted, paying particular attention to signatures that could originate from the sought archaeological structures. Reflections coming from the gate remains were identified in both models, in the same region of the survey area and at the same depth; the geometry, size, and layout of the gate columns, as well as of other construction elements belonging to the gate, were determined with very good accuracy. Based on the GPR findings, archaeological excavation works were carried out in the region where the foundation remains were estimated to be. The presence of the remains was confirmed, with various columns and side walls. This case study demonstrates and further corroborates the effectiveness and reliability of GPR for the non-invasive prospection of archaeological structures hidden in the heterogeneous subsurface of urban environments. In the opinion of the authors, GPR should be incorporated as a routine field procedure in construction and renovation projects involving historical cities.

scholarly journals Underground Pipeline Identification into a Non-Destructive Case Study Based on Ground-Penetrating Radar Imaging

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (17) ◽  
pp. 3494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Iftimie ◽  
Adriana Savin ◽  
Rozina Steigmann ◽  
Gabriel Silviu Dobrescu
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Multiple Interfaces ◽  
Background Removal ◽  
Subsurface Sensing ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Location Depth ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Non Destructive

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has become one of the key technologies in subsurface sensing and, in general, in nondestructive testing (NDT), since it is able to detect both metallic and nonmetallic targets. GPR has proven its ability to work in electromagnetic frequency range for subsoil investigations, and it is a risk-reduction strategy for surveying underground various targets and their identification and detection. This paper presents the results of a case study which exceeds the laboratory level being realized in the field in a real case where the scanning conditions are much more difficult using GPR signals for detecting and assessing underground drainage metallic pipes which cross an area with large buildings parallel to the riverbed. The two urban drainage pipes are detected based on GPR imaging. This provides an approximation of their location and depth which are convenient to find from the reconstructed profiles of both simulated and practical GPR signals. The processing of data recorded with GPR tools requires appropriate software for this type of measurement to detect between different reflections at multiple interfaces located at different depths below the surface. In addition to the radargrams recorded and processed with the software corresponding to a GPR device, the paper contains significant results obtained using techniques and algorithms of the processing and post-processing of the signals (background removal and migration) that gave us the opportunity to estimate the location, depth, and profile of pipes, placed into a concrete duct bank, under a structure with different layers, including pavement, with good accuracy.

Side‐looking underground radar (SLUR): Physical modeling and case history

Geophysics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 1925-1932 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. Daniels ◽  
James Brower
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Physical Modeling ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Brookhaven National Laboratory ◽  
Plan View ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Oriented Object ◽  
Horizontal Layers

A modification of conventional surface ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) was conceived, tested, and successfully applied in the field at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to investigate waste pits. The modified GPR method consists of making measurements along a traverse line in a sloping trench with the radar’s antenna oriented at an angle of up to 45° from the horizontal. The direction of propagation of the electromagnetic field for this configuration is not vertical, and the amount of energy scattered from objects that are oriented vertically relative to the energy scattered from horizontal layers is increased. This fundamental feature of side‐looking underground radar (SLUR) measurements is illustrated by physical modeling. Measurements made along parallel trenches that are offset at different distances from a vertically oriented object provides GPR cross‐sections with a primary plane of investigation that intersects the vertical feature at different depths. SLUR was used at BNL in conjunction with conventional surface GPR measurements (displayed as 3-D blocks and plan‐view time slices) to enhance the vertical definition and improve the depth estimates of the waste pits.

scholarly journals Archaeological Prospection in Wetlands—Experiences and Observations from Ground-Penetrating Radar Surveys in Norwegian Bogs

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3170
Author(s):  
Manuel Gabler ◽  
Claes Olof Johan Uhnér ◽  
Nils Ole Sundet ◽  
Alois Hinterleitner ◽  
Pål Nymoen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Archaeological Prospection ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Geophysical Surveys ◽  
Infrastructure Project ◽  
Excellent Preservation ◽  
Ground Penetrating

Wetlands are of immense importance for archaeological research due to excellent preservation conditions for organic material. However, the detection and registration of archaeological remains in waterlogged areas, such as peatlands, bogs, mires, or lakeshores are very challenging. Alternative methods that can support traditional archaeological registrations and that can help to survey wetlands more efficiently are needed. One goal of the “Arkeologi på nye veier” (Archaeology on new ways) project, initiated by Nye Veier AS, was to develop and test a practical solution for non-invasive geophysical surveys in wetland environments in support of traditional archaeological investigations. For that purpose, a custom GPR system for wetland investigations was assembled, tested and applied at Gausdal (Flekkefjord municipality, Agder county) in Norway within the E39-southwest infrastructure project. The GPR survey resulted in promising data, clearly showing the buried remains of an old road within the investigated area. This case study demonstrated the potential of GPR measurements in peatlands as a valuable asset for archaeological registration projects in such environments. However, despite these first encouraging results, wetlands remain very challenging environments, and realistic expectations, as well as a good understanding of the potential and limitations of this approach are a prerequisite for meaningful surveys.

scholarly journals Application of Kinematic GPR-TPS Model with High 3D Georeference Accuracy for Underground Utility Infrastructure Mapping: A Case Study from Urban Sites in Celje, Slovenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaj Šarlah ◽  
Tomaž Podobnikar ◽  
Tomaž Ambrožič ◽  
Branko Mušič
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Geodetic Network ◽  
Efficient Control ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Urban Sites ◽  
Spatial Display

This paper describes in detail the applicability of the developed ground-penetrating radar (GPR) model with a kinematic GPR and self-tracking (robotic) terrestrial positioning system (TPS) surveying setup (GPR-TPS model) for the acquisition, processing and visualisation of underground utility infrastructure (UUI) in a real urban environment. The integration of GPR with TPS can significantly improve the accuracy of UUI positioning in a real urban environment by means of efficient control of GPR trajectories. Two areas in the urban part of Celje in Slovenia were chosen. The accuracy of the kinematic GPR-TPS model was analysed by comparing the three-dimensional (3D) position of UUI given as reference values (true 3D position) from the officially consolidated cadastre of utility infrastructure in the Republic of Slovenia and those obtained by the GPR-TPS method. To determine the reference 3D position of the GPR antenna and UUI, the same positional and height geodetic network was used. Small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) were used for recording to provide a better spatial display of the results of UUI obtained with the GPR-TPS method. As demonstrated by the results, the kinematic GPR-TPS model for data acquisition can achieve an accuracy of fewer than 15 centimetres in a real urban environment.

scholarly journals Determining the boundaries, structure and volume of buried shell matrix deposits using ground-penetrating radar: A case study from northern Australia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Selene Kenady ◽  
Kelsey Lowe ◽  
Sean Ulm
Keyword(s):  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Shell Matrix ◽  
Three Dimensional Models ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Volume Estimates

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is used in this study to delineate the extent and internal structure of a large late Holocene buried shell matrix site at Thundiy, Bentinck Island, northern Australia. Shell matrix sites comprise a key component of the coastal archaeological record. The extensive nature of many shell matrix sites presents challenges for archaeological sampling regimes. While large-scale excavation is undesirable and impractical, limited test pits often represent only a tiny fraction of large shell deposits and are rarely considered representative. This study transforms GPR data into three-dimensional models which form the basis of deposit volume estimates. Volume estimates are evaluated against excavation data to test their accuracy. Results demonstrate that this novel methodology can generate accurate three-dimensional representations of buried shell matrices and highly accurate volume estimations with error margins of 3.5% ± 7%. It is recommended, though, that more inclusive error margins of 19.5% ± 17% are used to account for potential error, especially where results cannot be verified. This greater understanding of the extent and structural variability of deposits can be utilised to create robust sampling strategies for excavation. The methodology could also be further employed to enhance comparative regional studies and to add to conservation and management practices of buried shell matrix sites. If applied more widely this methodology will not only benefit our understanding of shell matrix deposits but also the wider archaeological record of coastal regions worldwide.

Integrity Assessment of Damaged Flexible Pipe Cross-Sections

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guomin Ji ◽  
Bernt J. Leira ◽  
Svein Sævik ◽  
Frank Klæbo ◽  
Gunnar Axelsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Computer Code ◽  
Flexible Pipe ◽  
Dynamic Stresses ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Residual Capacity ◽  
Nonlinear Finite Element Model

This paper presents results from a case study performed to evaluate the residual capacity of a 6″ flexible pipe when exposed to corrosion damages in the tensile armour. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model was developed using the computer code MARC to evaluate the increase in mean and dynamic stresses for a given number of damaged inner tensile armor wires. The study also includes the effect of these damages with respect to the associated stresses in the pressure spiral. Furthermore, the implications of a sequence of wire failures with respect to the accumulated time until cross-section failure in a probabilistic sense are addressed.

scholarly journals Detection of Tree Roots in an Urban Area with the Use of Ground Penetrating Radar

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Krainyukov ◽  
Igor Lyaksa
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Growth Direction ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Tree Roots ◽  
Secondary Processing ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
The Given

Abstract The paper is devoted to using ground penetrating radar (GPR) for the detection of tree roots in an urban area, since GPR allow detect the hidden objects in non invasive way. It is necessary exactly to know the growth direction, thickness and depth of the roots of the tree to confidently assert about the tree root influence on the technical condition of engineering objects and structures: of the buildings, of pavements, of roadway, of engineering communications and etc. The aim of the given research was experimentally to evaluation the possibilities of detection of tree roots in an urban area with the use of GPR on frequency 400 MHz and of algorithms of secondary processing of GPR signals. Results of interpretation of radar profile and evacuation of soil around tree show the possibility of detection of the tree roots and the determination of their parameters using one or two radar concentric profiles.

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