ON THE STRATIFICATION OF THE EARTH’S CRUST ACCORDING TO SEISMIC STUDIES OF A LARGE EXPLOSION AND OF EARTHQUAKES

Geophysics ◽  
1949 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Mintrop
Keyword(s):  
Melting Point ◽  
Gravity Anomalies ◽  
Plastic Layer ◽  
Deflections Of The Vertical ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Natural Earthquakes ◽  
Very High

The analysis of the seismograms of an explosion of 4,000 tons (about 10 million pounds) of munitions piled up in tunnels 50 feet below the surface of the rocky island of Heligoland in the North Sea near Hamburg, Germany, and of a great number of natural earthquakes, especially the disastrous shock at Messina (Italy) led to the discovery of a number of formations unknown heretofore down to a depth of several hundred kilometers. At depths from 110 to 118 km a plastic layer occurs which seems to represent a belt around the globe. At a depth of 183 km the melting point of a material with very high wave‐velocity is reached. These findings are in accordance with the determination of the depth of Isostatic Surface by Hayford and Helmert (both in 1909) from deflections of the vertical and/or from gravity anomalies (113 and 118 km, respectively). Qualitatively, the results are also in accordance with the assumption of Gutenberg and Richter, based on the measurement of the amplitudes of the first recorded waves from numerous earthquakes with different epicenter distances and with different depths, that at a depth of 80 to 100 km the melting point of the material has been reached.

scholarly journals Torrential Flood Water Management: Rainwater Harvesting through Relation Based Dam Suitability Analysis and Quantification of Erosion Potential

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Bilal Ahmad Munir ◽  
Sajid Rashid Ahmad ◽  
Raja Rehan
Keyword(s):  
Sediment Yield ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Suitability Analysis ◽  
Valley Bottom ◽  
The North ◽  
Roughness Index ◽  
Dam Site ◽  
Very High

In this study, a relation-based dam suitability analysis (RDSA) technique is developed to identify the most suitable sites for dams. The methodology focused on a group of the most important parameters/indicators (stream order, terrain roughness index, slope, multiresolution valley bottom flatness index, closed depression, valley depth, and downslope gradient difference) and their relation to the dam wall and reservoir suitability. Quantitative assessment results in an elevation-area-capacity (EAC) curve substantiating the capacity determination of selected sites. The methodology also incorporates the estimation of soil erosion (SE) using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model and sediment yield at the selected dam sites. The RDSA technique identifies two suitable dam sites (A and B) with a maximum collective capacity of approximately 1202 million m3. The RDSA technique was validated with the existing dam, Gomal-Zam, in the north of Sanghar catchment, where RDSA classified the Gomal-Zam Dam in a very high suitability class. The SE estimates show an average of 75 t-ha−1y−1 of soil loss occurs in the study area. The result shows approximately 298,073 and 318,000 tons of annual average sediment yield (SY) will feed the dam A and B respectively. The SE-based sediment yield substantiates the approximate life of Dam-A and Dam-B to be 87 and 90 years, respectively. The approach is dynamic and can be applied for any other location globally for dam site selection and SE estimation.

scholarly journals Vegetation of the classes Hydrochari-Lemnetea Oberd. 1967 and Potametea Tx. et Prsg. 1942 in the Jegricka watercourse (The province of Vojvodina, Serbia)

2010 ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dejana Dzigurski ◽  
Slobodanka Stojanovic ◽  
Aleksa Knezevic ◽  
Ljiljana Nikolic ◽  
Branka Ljevnaic-Masic
Keyword(s):  
The Black Sea ◽  
Lower Section ◽  
Vegetation Diversity ◽  
The North ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Main Canal ◽  
Canal Network ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
The Individual

The Jegricka, once a natural watercourse traversing the southwestern part of the Backa region, has been turned into a canal, which became part of the main canal network of the hydro-system Danube-Tisza-Danube (Hs DTD). In its turn, the Hs DTD is part of the European waterway linking the North Sea to the Black Sea, i.e., part of the navigable Rhine-Main-Danube Canal. The watercourse is 65.4 km long and it is divided into three levels. The presence of the regulated and the nonregulated sections of the canal, frequent and abrupt changes in water level in the individual sections, different depths and surface water widths of the various sections and the fishpond constructed in the lower section cause considerable vegetation diversity. The vegetation comprises aquatic associations of the classes Hydrochari-Lemnetea Oberd. 1967 and Potametea Tx. et Prsg. 1942. The class Hydrochari-Lemnetea Oberd. 1967 includes the following phytocoenoses: Salvinio-Spirodeletum polyrrhizae Slavnic 1956, Ceratophylletum demersi (So? 27) Hild. 1956, Lemno-Utricularietum vulgaris So? 1928 and Hydrocharidetum morsus-ranae Van Langendonck 1935. The class Potametea Tx. et Prsg. 1942 includes the associations Myriophyllo-Potametum So? 1934, Najadetum marine Fukarek 1961, Nymphaeetum albae Vollmar 1947, Nymphoidetum peltate (Allorge 1922) Oberd. et M?ller 1960 and Trapetum natantis M?ller et G?rs 1960.

scholarly journals Ships and their timber source as indicators of connections between regions

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 133-143
Author(s):  
Aoife Daly
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The North ◽  
Baltic Coast ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
North And South ◽  
North Western

The precise dating and determination of the source of timbers in shipwrecks found around the coasts of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, through dendrochronology allows us to see connections between north and  south, east and west throughout the region and to a high chronological precision. In this paper we take a look at results of recent analyses of timber from ships, and timber and barrel cargoes, to try to draw a chronological picture, from the twelfth to seventeenth centuries, of links between regions, through transport in oak ships and trade of timber. Archaeological finds of oak from timber cargos in shipwrecks and fine art objects (painted panels and sculpture) show the extent to which timber was shipped from Hanseatic towns along the southern Baltic coast, to western and north-western Europe.

Storm surges in the North Sea during the winter 1953-4

1956 ◽  
Vol 235 (1201) ◽  
pp. 260-274 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The North ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Sea Ports ◽  
Phase Angles

Records of sea level for several North Sea ports for the winter of 1953-4 have been in vestigated. They were split into 14-day intervals, and each 14-day record was Fourieranalyzed to determine if any non-astronomical periods were present. There was evidence of some activity between 40 and 50 h period, and a determination of the phase angles at different ports showed that the activity could be due to a disturbance travelling southwards from the north of the North Sea. The disturbance was partly reflected somewhere near the line from Lowestoft to Flushing, so that one part returned past Flushing and Esbjerg towards Bergen while the other part travelled towards Dover, and there was evidence of its existence on the sea-current records taken near St Margaret's Bay. These results were confirmed by subtracting the predicted astronomical tidal levels from the observed values of sea level and cross-correlating the residuals so obtained for each port with those found at Lowestoft. The residuals at Lowestoft and Aberdeen were compared with the meteorological conditions, and it was found that, although they could be attributed to a large extent to conditions within the North Sea, there was an additional effect due to a travelling surge which was of the same order of magnitude at both Lowestoft and Aberdeen and which was closely related to the rate of change with time of the atmospheric pressure difference between Wick and Bergen.

Loran-C Chains: Determination of Extent of Cover

1988 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 149-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. F. Woodman ◽  
J. Juleff ◽  
R. A. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Propagation Path ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Geometric Effects

A mainly theoretical study has been undertaken to demonstrate how the extent of cover from a hyperbolic navigation system chain can be evaluated. The impetus for the study was the need to assess how Loran-C could be extended over Western Europe, particularly in the South western Approaches, North Sea, English Channel and Bay of Biscay sea areas.The technique described in this article leads to an accurate determination of the electric field strength at a distance from each transmitting site and takes into account the complexities of the ground-wave propagation path. This field-strength contour is combined with the geometric effects of station siting (expansion factors) to yield a constant S/N contour (–10 dB) which defines the ¼n.m. error and hence the limit of cover for the hyperbolic chain under study.In order to exercise the analytical methods a hypothetical Loran-C chain was studied comprising a master station at Lessay (France), with secondary stations at Soustons (also in France), at Sylt (dual rated; off the North Sea coast of Germany, near the Danish border) and at a fourth station located in north-west Britain on the Hebridean island of Barra. The study indicated that such a hypothetical chain would significantly improve Loran-C cover over much of western Europe.

Determination of 206/207Pb isotope ratios by ICP-MS in particulate matter from the north sea environment

1993 ◽  
Vol 347 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 324-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Krause ◽  
M. Kriews ◽  
W. Dannecker ◽  
C.-D. Garbe-Sch�nberg ◽  
M. Kersten
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Isotope Ratios ◽  
The North ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
The North Sea
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