scholarly journals The Distribution of 3H-Tetragycline After a Single, Oral Dose in the Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri) as Observed by Whole Body Autoradiography

1985 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-430
Author(s):  
Kristian Ingebrigtsen ◽  
Inger Nafstad ◽  
Alice Maritim
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Whole Body Autoradiography

scholarly journals Adaptational Responses of Rainbow Trout to Lowered External Nacl Concentration: Contribution of the Branchial Chloride Cell

1989 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEVE F. PERRY ◽  
PIERRE LAURENT
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Primary Response ◽  
Chloride Cell ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Ionic Fluxes ◽  
Area 5

1. Whole-body ionic fluxes and gill chloride cell (CC) morphology were monitored in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed acutely or chronically to natural fresh water (NFW; [Na+]=0.120 mmoll−1; [Cr]=0.164 mmoll−1) or artificially prepared fresh water with reduced [NaCl] (AFW; [Na+]=0.017 mmoll−1; [CT]=0.014 mmoll−1). 2. Net fluxes of Na+ (JnetNa) and Cl− (JnetCl) became extremely negative (indicating net NaCl loss to the environment) upon immediate exposure to AFW exclusively as a result of reduced NaCl influx (JinNa and JinNa). JnetNa and JnetCl were gradually restored to control rates during prolonged (30 days) exposure to AFW. 3. The restoration of JnetCl in AFW was due both to increased JinCl and to reduced Cl− efflux (JoutCl) whereas the primary response contributing to the restoration of JnetNa a t was an increase of JNain. 4. The total apical surface area of branchial CCs exposed to the external environment increased markedly after 24 h in AFW and remained elevated for 1 month as a consequence of enlargement of individual CCs and, to a lesser extent, increased CC density. JinNa and JinNa were correlated significantly with total CC apical surface area. 5. Plasma cortisol levels rose transiently in fish exposed to AFW. Treatment of NFW-adapted fish with cortisol for 10 days (a protocol known to cause CC proliferation) caused pronounced increases in JinCl and JinNa, as measured in both NFW and AFW. 6. These results suggest that an important adaptational response of rainbow trout to low environmental [NaCl] is cortisol-mediated enlargement of branchial epithelial CCs which, in turn, enhances the NaCl-transporting capacity of the gill as a result of the proliferation of Na+ and Cl− transport sites.

Acclimation to Copper by Rainbow Trout,Salmo gairdneri: Biochemistry

1987 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darrel Jon Laurén ◽  
D. G. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Microsomal Protein ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Copper Accumulation ◽  
Copper Exposure ◽  
Copper Uptake ◽  
Liver Copper

Whole body, gill, and liver copper uptake, gill Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity, and gill and liver acid-soluble thiols (AST), glutathione, and cysteine of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were measured during 28 d of exposure to 55 μg copper∙L−1. Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity was inhibited by 33% within 24 h of copper exposure, but this was compensated by a significant increase in microsomal protein so that the total Na+-K+-ATPase activity per milligram of gill tissue returned to normal by day 14. There was no accumulation of copper and no increase in AST, glutathione, or cysteine in the gill. However, after 7 d of exposure, hepatic AST and glutathione had increased by about 2 times, and a sulfhydryl-rich, acid-soluble protein, tentatively identified as metallothionein, increased by 2.8 times. Copper accumulation was highest in the liver, but other tissues also accumulated copper.

Biological Half-lives of Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Congeners in Whole Fish and Muscle of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1983 ◽  
Vol 40 (9) ◽  
pp. 1388-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Niimi ◽  
B. G. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Oral Dose ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyl ◽  
Activity Analysis ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Pcb Congeners ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Selective Elimination

The biological half-life [Formula: see text] of 31 dichloro- to decachloro-biphenyl congeners were monitored for 105 d in adult rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) that were exposed to a single oral dose. In whole fish [Formula: see text] increased from 5 d to no apparent elimination as the number of chlorines on the biphenyl increased. This structure–activity relationship was not as evident in muscle where [Formula: see text] ranged from < 5 to 127 d. We suggest the decline in muscle resulted from decreasing lipid levels and the redistribution of congeners within the fish. From structure–activity analysis of [Formula: see text] in whole fish we conclude that elimination is enhanced for those congeners with lower chlorine content, with no chlorine substitutions in the ortho positions, and those with two unsubstituted carbons that are adjacent (vicinal) on the biphenyl. A significant decline in total PCB content in whole fish, equivalent to a [Formula: see text] of 219 d, was partly due to the composition of the PCB mixture administered, and the selective elimination of the lower chlorinated biphenyls.

scholarly journals Vitamin B12absorption in the neonatal piglet

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 245-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. M. F. Trugo ◽  
J. E. Ford ◽  
B. F. Sansom
Keyword(s):  
Oral Dose ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Single Oral Dose ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Weaned Piglets ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Neonatal Piglets ◽  
Natural Analogues

1. The vitamin B12in sows' milk is strongly attached to a specific ‘binder’ protein, which is present in excess. The influence of this ‘binder’ on the uptake and retention of cyanocobalamin and two natural analogues(cobinamide and Co-α-[2-methyladenyl]cobamide) was investigated with neonatal piglets.2. Retention of a single oral dose of cyano[58Co]cobalamin given before 7 d of age was consistently higher with suckled than with early-weaned piglets, as determined by measurement of whole-body radioactivity.3. Efficiency of retention declined with age, more rapidly in early-weaned than in suckled animals; when the dose was given at 14 d approximately 30% was retained by both groups.4. Distribution of the retained cyano[58Co]cobalamin within the body of the piglets was the same in both groups; about half was present in the liver.5. Foraging piglets may ingest adventitious vitamin B12and its analogues, which are present in the sow's faeces and in contaminated litter. The influence of the vitamin B12-binder in sows' milk on the uptake and retention of two non-cobalamin analogues, and the effects of the analogues on the uptake and retention of vitamin B12from 2 to 14 d after parturition, were investigated with early-weaned piglets.6. The analogues were detected in the liver but not in the body organs. They were also present in blood plasma, urine and bile, in high concentration relative to that of vitamin B12. The content of analogues in the liver was very small in relation to the amounts ingested, and much less than that of vitamin B12. There was no indication that the vitamin B12-binder in sows' milk influenced uptake and retention of the analogues, or that ingestion of analogues affected the content of vitamin B12in the body organs and fluids examined.

Influence of pH on the Acute Lethality of Fenitrothion, 2,4-D, and Aminocarb and Some pH-Altered Sublethal Effects of Aminocarb on Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Doe ◽  
W. R. Ernst ◽  
W. R. Parker ◽  
G. R. J. Julien ◽  
P. A. Hennigar
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Control Range ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
Influence Of Ph ◽  
Brain Acetylcholinesterase

Three pesticides, fenitrothion, 2,4-D, and aminocarb, were tested in static 96-h acute lethal toxicity tests using fingerling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) at pH 4.6, 5.6, 6.9, and 8.5. The toxicity of aminocarb, a base, increased significantly with increasing pH. Conversely, the toxicity of the acidic pesticide 2,4-D increased with decreasing pH. The toxicity of the neutral pesticide fenitrothion did not change significantly with changing pH. Subsequent tests were performed on trout fingerlings with aminocarb to determine the effect of two exposure pH's on brain acetylcholinesterase activity and whole-body aminocarb residue. Brain acetylcholinesterase was found to be inversely proportional to whole-body aminocarb content of fish. In fish exposed at pH 4.6, brain acetylcholinesterase was maximally depressed at 6 h, after which it recovered to within the control range. Whole-body aminocarb concentrations rose to a maximum within 6 h and subsequently declined to low levels. In fish exposed at pH 8.2, brain acetylcholinesterase dropped below the control range by 1 h and remained low until all fish died by 72 h. A maximum whole-body aminocarb concentration was reached within 1 h and remained elevated until the fish died. Several explanations for the observed results are presented.

Effect of Growth Rate and Size of Fish on Rate of Intoxication by Waterfoorne Lead

1982 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1243-1251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter V. Hodson ◽  
D. George Dixon ◽  
Douglas J. Spry ◽  
D. M. Whittle ◽  
John B. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Small Fish ◽  
Rainbow Smelt ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Threshold Size ◽  
Juvenile Rainbow Trout

Three experiments were undertaken to test the null hypotheses that increasing fish size and growth rate do not increase the rate of intoxication of fish by lead. The first experiment demonstrated that there were no significant correlations between weight of fish and either whole-body or blood lead concentrations in feral lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). The whole-body lead concentration of rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) was, however, negatively correlated to wet weight.During the second experiment, an 8-d laboratory exposure of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) to 100 μg/L of total waterborne lead caused a greater uptake of lead by opercular bone in small fish than in larger fish. No relationship was apparent between fish weight and uptake of lead by blood.Chronic exposure of juvenile rainbow trout to lead results in the development of black tails, a symptom of neurotoxicity. The final experiment related the incidence and prevalence of black tails to size and growth rate (ration level) of juvenile rainbow trout chronically exposed to 543 μg/L of total waterborne lead starting with the sac-fry stage. At weights below a common threshold size of 1.5–2.5 g, no black tails occurred; above this threshold the incidence of black tails was a function of growth rate, i.e. the rate at which fish reached the threshold size. The prevalence of black tails was always less in slowly growing fish.These experiments demonstrated that the rate of intoxication by lead, as indicated by uptake rates into tissues and the incidence and prevalence of a symptom of neurotoxicity, did not increase with fish size, but rather with growth rate.Key words: fish, toxicity, lead, fish size, growth rate, neurotoxicity, uptake

Changes in Elemental Composition of Hatchery-Reared Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, Associated with Growth and Reproduction

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1592-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl D. Shearer
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gonad Maturation ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Weight Concentration

By examining a group of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) over their life cycle (ova to 1500 g), 1 found that their elemental composition was determined by fish size, stage of life cycle (prefeeding, juvenile, post-juvenile), and reproductive state. Fish were fed practical diets and were reared under hatchery conditions. Whole body elemental concentrations of Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Sr, and Zn were size dependent prior to sexual maturity. Rates of elemental accumulation in relation to weight gain were higher in juveniles than in adult fish. Reduced somatic concentrations of Mn, Fe, and Zn were observed during gonad maturation in female but not in male trout. Tissue concentrations of some elements remained constant over the duration of the study, while others increased or decreased linearly with increasing fish size. Tables and equations 1 present will enable the normal tissue and whole body elemental composition of rainbow trout at any size to be determined. My results indicate that body burden or wet weight concentration are better indicators of elemental status than dry weight concentration and that comparison of elemental levels between treatment groups in dietary experiments should be made on the basis of a standard-sized fish or by comparing the rates of elemental deposition with growth.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document