Growth Pattern of Exclusively Breast-fed Infants During the First Six Months of Life in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Abiona ◽  
A.A. Onayade ◽  
K.T. Ijadunola ◽  
I.O. Abayomi ◽  
R.O.A. Makanjuola
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
National Recommendation ◽  
Breast Fed

Several studies to determine the growth pattern of exclusively breast fed infants have provided varying conclusions as to the sufficiency of breast milk alone to support adequate growth for the first six months of life. Disagreement exists concerning the optimal timing of introduction of complementary foods to exclusively breast fed infants. This prospective study thus examined the adequacy of breast milk alone to support normal growth during the first six months of life in our environment. The overall objective was to propose a scientifically sound national recommendation on the appropriate timing for the introduction of complementary feeding in Nigeria. Three hundred and fifty-two mother/infant pairs were serially recruited into the study; all babies were aged 14 days or less and weighed 2.5kg and above. Three hundred and forty-five (98%) were successfully followed up till the infants were six months old. By six months, 264 (76.5%) were exclusively breast-fed, while 81 (23.5%) had commenced complementary feeding. Growth curves of exclusively breast-fed infants showed increasing weight from birth to six months. Although the 50th percentile birth weight for both boys and girls were the same (3.2kg), boys gained weight faster than the girls from the age of one month to six months and were heavier at six months. Additionally, the 50th percentile curves of these infants (both genders) for the first six months were above the 50th percentile curve of the World Health Organisation and National Centre for Health Statistics (WHO/NCHS) reference currently used on our national “road to health” (growth monitoring) cards. It was concluded that exclusive breast-feeding supported adequate growth during the first six months of life for most of the children studied and that our national recommendation that infants be introduced to complementary feeding at six months is appropriate.

scholarly journals Growth Pattern of Early and Late Breast Fed Preterm (30-35 Weeks' Gestation) Neonates: A Hospital Based Study

1970 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Tahsinul Amin ◽  
MAK Azad Chowdhury ◽  
M Monir Hossain ◽  
M Mahbubul Hoque
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Enteral Feeding ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Early Feeding ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Better Than

Background: There is still controversy among the pediatricians regarding when and how to start enteral feeding in preterm neonates. However, early feeding with breast milk was presumed to be well-tolerated, cost-effective and promote growth better than late feeding. Objectives: To compare growth pattern, benefits and risks between early and late breast feeding in preterm (30-35 weeks' gestation) neonates. Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial. Total 100 preterm neonates were stratified into early feeding (n=50) and late feeding (n=50) groups. Early feeding was started on day 3 and late feeding on day 5 of life with expressed breast milk as 20 ml/ kg/day by gavage feeding with daily increment 20 ml/kg till full enteral feeding. Growth was recorded by anthropometric measurements with accuracy and precision for first 3 months of life. Results: Early breast feeding was found to be significantly better than late breast feeding in duration to reach full feeding (13.08 days vs. 16.70 days), time to regain enrolment weight (10.87 days vs. 13.70 days), feed tolerance (78% vs. 58%), hospital stay (13.58 days vs. 16.82 days), mean weight (3773.62 ±310.49 gm vs. 3636.91 ±340.20 gm), linear growth (53.64 ±2.26 cm vs. 52.62 ±2.04 cm) and OFC growth (35.85 ±1.50 cm vs. 35.35 ±1.40 cm) at 3 months of age. Conclusion: Early feeding with breast milk is well tolerated with less morbidity and promotes growth better than late feeding in preterm neonates. Key words: Growth pattern; preterm; breast fed DOI: 10.3329/bjch.v31i1.6071 Bangladesh Journal of Child Health 2007; Vol.31(1-3): 26-31

scholarly journals The Saqmolo’ Project: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial Examining the Impact of Daily Complementary Feeding of Eggs on Infant Development and Growth in Guatemala

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 162-162
Author(s):  
Gabriela Montenegro-Bethancourt ◽  
Taylor Wallace ◽  
Peter Rohloff ◽  
Elizabeth Yakes Jimenez ◽  
Gabriela Proaño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Development ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
World Health ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Nutrition Care ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Studies in Ecuador and Malawi have demonstrated mixed effects of interventions involving daily complementary feeding of eggs on child growth. For example, in Malawi, the egg intervention had no overall effect on child development. There is a need to test the effects of egg interventions on child growth and development in other settings with high prevalence of stunting and in the context of other nutritional interventions. The Saqmolo’ (i.e.,“egg” in the Mayan language, Kaqchiquel) study aims to evaluate the impact of adding 1 egg per day to local standard nutrition care (LSNC) on child development, in rural Maya infants from Guatemala. Methods In a community-based, individually randomized, controlled comparative effectiveness trial among rural indigenous Maya children (n = 1200), starting at 6–9 months at baseline, we will compare the impact of adding one egg per day to LSNC with LSNC alone. LSNC includes: growth monitoring, medical care, deworming medication, multiple micronutrient powders for point of use food fortification, and individualized complementary and responsive feeding education for caregivers. Intervention and control groups will be visited once per month during 6-months and adherence will be monitored during the visits and through phone calls for the first 2 months in both groups at the same frequency. The primary outcome is differences in child global development (measured by Caregiver Reported Child Development Instruments –CREDI-and the Guide for Monitoring Child Development GMCD); secondary outcomes include: growth (z-scores for weight for age, length for age, weight for length, and head circumference for age), and diet quality (using the World Health Organization's infant and young child feeding indicators). Results N/A (submitting study protocol abstract). Conclusions This study will provide new evidence on the potential effect of increased egg accessibility in high prevalence stunting areas along with integrated nutrition care on child development. The results may help to inform public health decision-making regarding resource allocation for effective nutrition interventions during the complementary feeding period in Guatemala. Funding Sources This work was supported by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Foundation via an investigator-initiated research grant from the Egg Nutrition Center.

scholarly journals Breast Milk Pasteurisation in Developed Countries to Reduce HIV Transmission. Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Giles ◽  
A. Mijch
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Infected Woman ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Milk Pasteurisation

Background.Transmission of HIV through breastfeeding is well documented. The World Health Organisation advise HIVinfected women in developed countries to use alternatives to breastfeeding together with highly active antiretroviral therapy and optimal management of delivery to prevent transmission of HIV to their infant.Case report.We present the case of an HIV-infected woman electing to exclusively breastfeed for six months and applying milk pasteurisation techniques without transmission to her infant. Two paired samples of her breast milk were tested for HIV RNA prior to and after pasteurisation. The first pair of specimens reported no change in HIV RNA copy number, the second pair of specimens reported an increase in copy number.Discussion.This technique, the evidence for HIV inactivation and the effects pasteurisation has on nutritional and immunological components of breast milk are discussed.Conclusion.In conclusion, we believe there is currently insufficient data to recommend this technique either as a safe alternative to formula feeding in resource-rich countries or as a method for providing intact immunological components of breast milk to the infant.

Breast-feeding by a Mother with Cystic Fibrosis

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 67 (5) ◽  
pp. 664-666
Author(s):  
Michael J. Welch ◽  
Dale L. Phelps ◽  
Alan B. Osher
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
White Woman ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Milk Analysis ◽  
Normal Infant ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

A 20-year-old white woman with cystic fibrosis who breast-fed her normal infant is described. Extensive breast milk analysis revealed normal sodium and chloride concentrations but elevated total protein and low total fat content; IgG and IgM levels were low to absent. The infant tolerated breast-feeding well, with normal growth and without infections, but the nutritional status of the mother appeared to be adversely affected. This case illustrates that breast-feeding by a mother with cystic fibrosis appears to be feasible but is fraught with difficulties.

scholarly journals Metabolisable energy consumption in the exclusively breast-fed infant aged 3–6 months from the developed world: a systematic review

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Reilly ◽  
Susan Ashworth ◽  
Jonathan C. K. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Breast Fed

The present study aimed to evaluate evidence on metabolisable energy consumption and pattern of consumption with age in infants in the developed world who were exclusively breast-fed, at around the time of introducing complementary feeding. We carried out a systematic review aimed at answering three questions: how much milk is transferred from mother to infant?; does transfer increase with the age of the infant?; and what is the metabolisable energy content of breast milk? Thirty-three eligible studies of 1041 mother–infant pairs reported transfer at 3–4 months of age, the weighted mean transfer being 779 (SD 40) g/d. Six studies (99 pairs) measured transfer at 5 months, with a weighted mean transfer of 827 (SD 39) g/d. Five studies (72 pairs) measured milk transfer at 6 months, reporting a weighted mean transfer of 894 (SD 87) g/d. Nine longitudinal studies reported no significant increases in milk transfer after 2–4 months. Twenty-five studies on breast-milk energy content were based on 777 mother–infant pairs. The weighted mean metabolisable energy content was 2·6 (SD 0·2) kJ/g. Breast-milk metabolisable energy content is probably lower, and breast-milk transfer slightly higher, than is usually assumed. Longitudinal studies do not support the hypothesis that breast-milk transfer increases markedly with age. More research on energy intake in 5–6-month-old exclusively breast-fed infants is necessary, and information on the metabolisability of breast milk in mid-infancy is desirable. This evidence should inform future recommendations on infant feeding and help to identify research needs in infant energy balance.

scholarly journals Importance of Exclusive Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding among Infants

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashmika Motee ◽  
Rajesh Jeewon
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Feeding Difficulties ◽  
Childhood Morbidity ◽  
Obesity Hypertension ◽  
Breastfeeding Practice

The aim of this review is to document the advantages of exclusive breastfeeding along with concerns which may hinder the practice of breastfeeding and focuses on the appropriateness of complementary feeding and feeding difficulties which infants encounter. Breastfeeding, as recommended by the World Health Organisation, is the most cost effective way for reducing childhood morbidity such as obesity, hypertension and gastroenteritis as well as mortality. There are several factors that either promote or act as barriers to good infant nutrition. Factors which influence breastfeeding practice in terms of initiation, exclusivity and duration are namely breast engorgement, sore nipples, milk insufficiency and availability of various infant formulas. On the other hand, introduction of complementary foods, also known as weaning, is done around 4 to 6 months and mothers usually should start with home-made nutritious food. Difficulties encountered during the weaning process are often refusal to eat followed by vomiting, colic, allergic reactions and diarrhoea.

A Collaborative Study to Establish the Second International Standard for Streptokinase

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (02) ◽  
pp. 267-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Heath ◽  
P J Gaffney
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Accelerated Degradation ◽  
The World ◽  
International Collaborative Study

SummaryAn International Standard for Streptokinase - Streptodomase (62/7) has been used to calibrate high purity clinical batches of SK since 1965. An international collaborative study, involving six laboratories, was undertaken to replace this standard with a high purity standard for SK. Two candidate preparations (88/826 and 88/824) were compared by a clot lysis assay with the current standard (62/7). Potencies of 671 i.u. and 461 i.u. were established for preparations A (88/826) and B (88/824), respectively.Either preparation appeared suitable to serve as a standard for SK. However, each ampoule of preparation A (88/826) contains a more appropriate amount of SK activity for potency testing, and is therefore preferred. Accelerated degradation tests indicate that preparation A (88/826) is very stable.The high purity streptokinase preparation, coded 88/826, has been established by the World Health Organisation as the 2nd International Standard for Streptokinase, with an assigned potency of 700 i.u. per ampoule.

A Collaborative Study to Establish an International Standard for Alpha-Thrombin

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (04) ◽  
pp. 424-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Gaffney ◽  
A B Heath ◽  
J W Fenton II
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Thrombin Inhibitors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
And Control

SummarySince 1975 an International Standard for Thrombin of low purity has been used. While this standard was stable and of value for calibrating thrombins of unknown potency the need for a pure a-thrombin standard arose both for accurate calibration and for precise measurement of thrombin inhibitors, notably hirudin. An international collaborative study was undertaken to establish the potency and stability of an ampouled pure a-thrombin preparation. A potency of 97.5 international units (95% confidence limits 86.5-98.5) was established for the new a-thrombin standard (89/ 588) using a clotting-assay procedure. Stability data at various elevated temperatures indicated that the standard could be transported and stored with no significant loss of potency.Ampoules of lyophilised a-thrombin (coded 89/588) have been recommended as an International Standard for a-thrombin with an assigned potency of 100 international units per ampoule by the International Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (Thrombin and its Inhibitors Sub-Committee) in Barcelona, Spain in July 1990 while the Expert Committee on Biological Standardisation and Control of the World Health Organisation will consider its status at its next meeting in Geneva in 1991.

ANTARA SUNNAH DAN TRADISI (Khitan Muallaf Perempuan Baligh di Jayapura, Papua)

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-284
Author(s):  
Hendra Yulia Rahman
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health

Masyarakat Indonesia pada umumnya khususnya yang bergama Islam, memiliki kebiasaan mengkhitankan anak perempuannya dan memandang ini sebagai sunnah, hal ini juga dilakukan masyarakat di negara-negara lain yang memiliki penduduk pemeluk agama Islam. Pada umumnya masyarakat megkhitankan anak perempuannya, ketika masih bayi dan meyakininya sebagai bentuk kewajiban dari perintah agama. Badan kesehatan dunia World Health Organisation (WHO) melakukan pelarangan segala bentuk khitan pada perempuan, karena dianggap sebagai bentuk kekerasan pada perempuan dengan menyakiti dan merusak alat reproduksi perempuan. Khitan perempuan dianggap sebagai tradisi yang sudah lama ada tengah-tengah masyarakat baik yang muslim maupun yang non muslim, yang dalam pelaksanaannya lebih dimaksudkan sebagai upaya pengontrolan seksualitas perempuan. Muallaf perempuan baligh khususnya di wilayah kota Jayapura, Papua rata-rata melakukan khitan, yang menurut mereka merupakan bagian dari perintah agama. Bahwasanya khitan muallaf perempuan baligh di kota Jayapaura merupakan sebuah tradisi yang terus berlangsung, dan tradisi tersebut sejalan dengan sunnah.

Comparative docking of SARS-CoV-2 receptors antagonists from repurposing drugs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micael Davi Lima de Oliveira ◽  
Kelson Mota Teixeira de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Lung Cells ◽  
The Novel ◽  
High Modulation ◽  
Main Protease ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Viral Receptors ◽  
Theoretical Results

According to the World Health Organisation, until 16 June, 2020, the number of confirmed and notified cases of COVID-19 has already exceeded 7.9 million with approximately 434 thousand deaths worldwide. This research aimed to find repurposing antagonists, that may inhibit the activity of the main protease (Mpro) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as partially modulate the ACE2 receptors largely found in lung cells, and reduce viral replication by inhibiting Nsp12 RNA polymerase. Docking molecular simulations were performed among a total of 60 structures, most of all, published in the literature against the novel coronavirus. The theoretical results indicated that, in comparative terms, paritaprevir, ivermectin, ledipasvir, and simeprevir, are among the most theoretical promising drugs in remission of symptoms from the disease. Furthermore, also corroborate indinavir to the high modulation in viral receptors. The second group of promising drugs includes remdesivir and azithromycin. The repurposing drugs HCQ and chloroquine were not effective in comparative terms to other drugs, as monotherapies, against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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