scholarly journals Metabolisable energy consumption in the exclusively breast-fed infant aged 3–6 months from the developed world: a systematic review

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Reilly ◽  
Susan Ashworth ◽  
Jonathan C. K. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Breast Fed

The present study aimed to evaluate evidence on metabolisable energy consumption and pattern of consumption with age in infants in the developed world who were exclusively breast-fed, at around the time of introducing complementary feeding. We carried out a systematic review aimed at answering three questions: how much milk is transferred from mother to infant?; does transfer increase with the age of the infant?; and what is the metabolisable energy content of breast milk? Thirty-three eligible studies of 1041 mother–infant pairs reported transfer at 3–4 months of age, the weighted mean transfer being 779 (SD 40) g/d. Six studies (99 pairs) measured transfer at 5 months, with a weighted mean transfer of 827 (SD 39) g/d. Five studies (72 pairs) measured milk transfer at 6 months, reporting a weighted mean transfer of 894 (SD 87) g/d. Nine longitudinal studies reported no significant increases in milk transfer after 2–4 months. Twenty-five studies on breast-milk energy content were based on 777 mother–infant pairs. The weighted mean metabolisable energy content was 2·6 (SD 0·2) kJ/g. Breast-milk metabolisable energy content is probably lower, and breast-milk transfer slightly higher, than is usually assumed. Longitudinal studies do not support the hypothesis that breast-milk transfer increases markedly with age. More research on energy intake in 5–6-month-old exclusively breast-fed infants is necessary, and information on the metabolisability of breast milk in mid-infancy is desirable. This evidence should inform future recommendations on infant feeding and help to identify research needs in infant energy balance.

scholarly journals The Impact of Protein Supplementation on Appetite and Energy Intake in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sana Ben-Harchache ◽  
Helen M Roche ◽  
Clare A Corish ◽  
Katy M Horner
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Healthy Older Adults ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Protein supplementation is an attractive strategy to prevent loss of muscle mass in older adults. However, it could be counterproductive due to adverse effects on appetite. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of protein supplementation on appetite and/or energy intake (EI) in healthy older adults. MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched up to June 2020. Acute and longitudinal studies in healthy adults ≥60 y of age that reported effects of protein supplementation (through supplements or whole foods) compared with control and/or preintervention (for longitudinal studies) on appetite ratings, appetite-related peptides, and/or EI were included. Random-effects model meta-analysis was performed on EI, with other outcomes qualitatively reviewed. Twenty-two studies (9 acute, 13 longitudinal) were included, involving 857 participants (331 males, 526 females). In acute studies (n = 8), appetite ratings were suppressed in 7 out of 24 protein arms. For acute studies reporting EI (n = 7, n = 22 protein arms), test meal EI was reduced following protein preload compared with control [mean difference (MD): −164 kJ; 95% CI: −299, −29 kJ; P  = 0.02]. However, when energy content of the supplement was accounted for, total EI was greater with protein compared with control (MD: 649 kJ; 95% CI: 438, 861 kJ; P < 0.00001). Longitudinal studies (n = 12 protein arms) showed a higher protein intake (MD: 0.29 g ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ d−1; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.45 g ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ d−1; P < 0.001) and no difference in daily EI between protein and control groups at the end of trials (MD: −54 kJ/d; 95% CI: −300, 193 kJ/d; P  = 0.67). While appetite ratings may be suppressed with acute protein supplementation, there is either a positive effect or no effect on total EI in acute and longitudinal studies, respectively. Therefore, protein supplementation may represent an effective solution to increase protein intakes in healthy older adults without compromising EI through appetite suppression. This trial was registered at PROSPERO as https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42019125771 (CRD42019125771).

scholarly journals Energy intake from human milk covers the requirement of 6-month-old Senegalese exclusively breast-fed infants

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 1849-1855 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anta Agne-Djigo ◽  
Komlan M. Kwadjode ◽  
Nicole Idohou-Dossou ◽  
Adama Diouf ◽  
Amadou T. Guiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Comprehensive Study

Exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months is advised by the WHO as the best practice to feed infants. Yet, some studies have suggested a gap between energy requirements and the energy provided by human milk for many infants at 6 months. In order to assess the adequacy of WHO recommendations in 6-month-old Senegalese lactating infants, a comprehensive study was designed to measure human milk intake by the dose-to-the mother 2H2O turnover method. Infants' energy intakes were calculated using daily breast milk intake and the energy content of milk was estimated on the basis of creamatocrit. Of the fifty-nine mother–infant pairs enrolled, fifteen infants were exclusively breast-fed (Ex) while forty-four were partially breast-fed (Part). Infants' breast milk intake was significantly higher in the Ex group (993 (sd 135) g/d, n 15) compared with the Part group (828 (sd 222) g/d, n 44, P= 0·009). Breast milk energy content as well as infants' growth was comparable in both groups. However, infants' energy intake from human milk was significantly higher (364 (sd 50) kJ/kg per d (2586 (sd 448) kJ/d)) in the Ex group than in the Part group (289 (sd 66) kJ/kg per d (2150 (sd 552) kJ/d), P< 0·01). Compared with WHO recommendations, the results demonstrate that energy intake from breast milk was low in partially breast-fed infants while exclusively breast-fed 6-month-old Senegalese infants received adequate energy from human milk alone, the most complete food for infants. Therefore, advocacy of exclusive breast-feeding until 6 months should be strengthened.

scholarly journals Intake of copper, iron, manganese and zinc by healthy, exclusively-breast-fed infants during the first 3 months of life

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Vuori
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Trace Element ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
Iron Manganese ◽  
Breast Fed ◽  
Good Agreement

1. The calculated median daily trace element intakes /kg of exclusively-breast-fed infants at 1, 2 and 3 months of age respectively were: copper 0.075, 0.051 and 0.043 mg; iron 0.075, 0.055 and 0.048 mg; manganese 0.9, 0.6 and 0.5 μg; zinc 0.420, 0.215 and 0.150 mg. The latter values for Cu, Fe, and Zn intakes were in good agreement with earlier results, whereas the intake of Mn was lower. The intakes of trace elements by breast-fed infants seemed to be below the recommended dietary allowances (Food and Nutrition Board, 1973; WHO Expert Committee on Trace Elements in Human Nutrition, 1973).2. There seems to be no information on trace element concentrations of breast milk related to the energy content. Such values are therefore included for breast milk from Finnish women for the 1st 6 months of lactation.

scholarly journals Duration of exclusive breast-feeding: introduction of complementary feeding may be necessary before 6 months of age

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 869-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
John J. Reilly ◽  
Jonathan C. K. Wells
Keyword(s):  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Testable Hypothesis ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Breast Feed ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Developed World ◽  
Breast Fed

The WHO recommends exclusive breast-feeding for the first 6 months of life. At present, <2 % of mothers who breast-feed in the UK do so exclusively for 6 months. We propose the testable hypothesis that this is because many mothers do not provide sufficient breast milk to feed a 6-month-old baby adequately. We review recent evidence on energy requirements during infancy, and energy transfer from mother to baby, and consider the adequacy of exclusive breast-feeding to age 6 months for mothers and babies in the developed world. Evidence from our recent systematic review suggests that mean metabolisable energy intake in exclusively breast-fed infants at 6 months is 2·2–2·4 MJ/d (525–574 kcal/d), and mean energy requirement approximately 2·6–2·7 MJ/d (632–649 kcal/d), leading to a gap between the energy provided by milk and energy needs by 6 months for many babies. Our hypothesis is consistent with other evidence, and with evolutionary considerations, and we briefly review this other evidence. The hypothesis would be testable in a longitudinal study of infant energy balance using stable-isotope techniques, which are both practical and valid.

Growth Pattern of Exclusively Breast-fed Infants During the First Six Months of Life in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Abiona ◽  
A.A. Onayade ◽  
K.T. Ijadunola ◽  
I.O. Abayomi ◽  
R.O.A. Makanjuola
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
National Recommendation ◽  
Breast Fed

Several studies to determine the growth pattern of exclusively breast fed infants have provided varying conclusions as to the sufficiency of breast milk alone to support adequate growth for the first six months of life. Disagreement exists concerning the optimal timing of introduction of complementary foods to exclusively breast fed infants. This prospective study thus examined the adequacy of breast milk alone to support normal growth during the first six months of life in our environment. The overall objective was to propose a scientifically sound national recommendation on the appropriate timing for the introduction of complementary feeding in Nigeria. Three hundred and fifty-two mother/infant pairs were serially recruited into the study; all babies were aged 14 days or less and weighed 2.5kg and above. Three hundred and forty-five (98%) were successfully followed up till the infants were six months old. By six months, 264 (76.5%) were exclusively breast-fed, while 81 (23.5%) had commenced complementary feeding. Growth curves of exclusively breast-fed infants showed increasing weight from birth to six months. Although the 50th percentile birth weight for both boys and girls were the same (3.2kg), boys gained weight faster than the girls from the age of one month to six months and were heavier at six months. Additionally, the 50th percentile curves of these infants (both genders) for the first six months were above the 50th percentile curve of the World Health Organisation and National Centre for Health Statistics (WHO/NCHS) reference currently used on our national “road to health” (growth monitoring) cards. It was concluded that exclusive breast-feeding supported adequate growth during the first six months of life for most of the children studied and that our national recommendation that infants be introduced to complementary feeding at six months is appropriate.

Transmission of Zika virus through breast milk and other breastfeeding-related bodily-fluids: a systematic review

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susannah Colt ◽  
Maria N Garcia-Casal ◽  
Juan Pablo Peña-Rosas ◽  
Julia L. Finkelstein ◽  
Pura Rayco-Solon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Bodily Fluids

Puerarin for OVX-Induced Postmenopausal Osteoporosis in Murine Model: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobin Yang ◽  
Haishi Zheng ◽  
Yuan Liu ◽  
Dingjun Hao ◽  
Baorong He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis ◽  
Murine Model ◽  
Weighted Mean Difference ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Enhancing Effect ◽  
Searching Strategy

Aims/Background: Ovariectomy (OVX)-induced murine model is widely used for postmenopausal osteoporosis study. Our current study was conducted to systematically review and essentially quantified the bone mass enhancing effect of puerarin on treating OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis in murine model. Methods: Literatures from PUBMED, EMBASE, and CNKI were involved in our searching strategy by limited the inception date to January 9th, 2019. Moreover, the enhancing effect of puerarin on bone mass compared to OVX-induced rats is evaluated by four independent reviewers. Finally, all the data were extracted, quantified and analyzed via RevMan, besides that in our current review study, we assessed the methodological quality for each involved study. Results: Based on the searching strategy, eight randomization studies were finally included in current meta-analysis and systematic review. According to the data analysis by RevMan, puerarin could improve bone mineral density (BMD); (eight studies, n=203; weighted mean difference, 0.05; 95% CI, 0.03-0.07; P<0.0001) using a random-effects model. There is no significant difference between puerarin and estrogen (seven studies, n=184; weighted mean difference, 0.00; 95% CI, -0.01 to 0.00; P=0.30). Conclusions: Puerarin showed upregulating effects on bone mass in OVX-induced postmenopausal osteoporosis in murine model. More studies of the effect of puerarin on bone density in OVX animals are needed.

scholarly journals Systematic Review of the Use of Telepathology During Intraoperative Consultation

2019 ◽  
Vol 153 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin L Dietz ◽  
Douglas J Hartman ◽  
Liron Pantanowitz
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Publication Bias ◽  
Frozen Section ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Risk Of Bias ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
Frozen Section Diagnosis ◽  
Conventional Microscopy

Abstract Objective To compare studies that used telepathology systems vs conventional microscopy for intraoperative consultation (frozen-section) diagnosis. Methods A total of 56 telepathology studies with 13,996 cases in aggregate were identified through database searches. Results The concordance of telepathology with the reference standard was generally excellent, with a weighted mean of 96.9%. In comparison, we identified seven studies using conventional intraoperative consultation that showed a weighted mean concordance of 98.3%. Evaluation of the risk of bias showed that most of these studies were low risk. Conclusions Despite limitations such as variation in reporting and publication bias, this systematic review provides strong support for the safety of using telepathology for intraoperative consultations.

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