scholarly journals Breast Milk Pasteurisation in Developed Countries to Reduce HIV Transmission. Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Giles ◽  
A. Mijch
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Safe Alternative ◽  
Infected Woman ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Milk Pasteurisation

Background.Transmission of HIV through breastfeeding is well documented. The World Health Organisation advise HIVinfected women in developed countries to use alternatives to breastfeeding together with highly active antiretroviral therapy and optimal management of delivery to prevent transmission of HIV to their infant.Case report.We present the case of an HIV-infected woman electing to exclusively breastfeed for six months and applying milk pasteurisation techniques without transmission to her infant. Two paired samples of her breast milk were tested for HIV RNA prior to and after pasteurisation. The first pair of specimens reported no change in HIV RNA copy number, the second pair of specimens reported an increase in copy number.Discussion.This technique, the evidence for HIV inactivation and the effects pasteurisation has on nutritional and immunological components of breast milk are discussed.Conclusion.In conclusion, we believe there is currently insufficient data to recommend this technique either as a safe alternative to formula feeding in resource-rich countries or as a method for providing intact immunological components of breast milk to the infant.

“Air pollution arrested not imprisoned”: The impact of laws invoked on Covid-19 city lockdowns

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Mensah Aboagye ◽  
◽  
Nana Osei Owusu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Air pollution continues to be an environmental problem that poses a lot of health risks to the young and aged. Developed countries have invested heavily to curb this environmental problem, causing severe threats to human lives, yet the results do not look convincing. In developing countries, the situation is difficult than they can imagine, resulting in governments borrowing to fight what looks like a lost battle [1-3]. The in-depth study of this environmental menace - air pollution, suggests that the government enacts stringent measures to help fight this battle. This is because air pollution has natural (volcanic eruption) and anthropogenic (human activities) causes. In December 2019, the deadly Coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak was soon declared as a global pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO) [4]. Majority of countries have had their share of the impact of this outbreak. Many countries resorted to city lockdown to strictly control the movement of people and economic activities as recommended by WHO.

scholarly journals Overweight and Obesity Epidemic in Developing Countries: A Problem with Diet, Physical Activity, or Socioeconomic Status?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trishnee Bhurosy ◽  
Rajesh Jeewon
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Obese Individual ◽  
Developing Nations ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern

Obesity is a significant public health concern affecting more than half a billion people worldwide. Obesity rise is not only limited to developed countries, but to developing nations as well. This paper aims to compare the mean body mass index trends in the World Health Organisation- (WHO-) categorised regions since 1980 to 2008 and secondly to appraise how socioeconomic disparities can lead to differences in obesity and physical activity level across developing nations. Taking into account past and current BMI trends, it is anticipated that obesity will continue to take a significant ascent, as observed by the sharp increase from 1999 to 2008. Gender differences in BMI will continue to be as apparent, that is, women showing a higher BMI trend than men. In the coming years, the maximum mean BMI in more developed countries might be exceeded by those in less developed ones. Rather than focusing on obesity at the individual level, the immediate environment of the obese individual to broader socioeconomic contexts should be targeted. Most importantly, incentives at several organisational levels, the media, and educational institutions along with changes in food policies will need to be provided to low-income populations.

Novel Therapeutics for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 755-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavita Singh ◽  
Dhananjay Yadav ◽  
Pallavi S. Chauhan ◽  
Meerambika Mishra ◽  
Jun-O Jin
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Motor Impairments ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

: Neurodegenerative diseases are a leading apprehension in underdeveloped and developed countries. The advancement of medical science is synonymous with an increase in life expectancy, which results in an aging population. Neurodegenerative diseases in the older population are on the rise globally. This review sums up the novel therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson's disease. Although most neurodegenerative diseases occur due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, the mechanisms are not completely understood. Currently, only prophylactic therapies are available and none are preventive in nature. The World Health Organisation estimates that neurodegenerative diseases that cause cognitive and motor impairments will be the second most ubiquitous cause of death in the next decade, hence the need for novel therapeutic targets for these diseases is demanded. In Alzheimer’s, β-amyloid and tau proteinopathies are prevalent, whereas a prion-like increase of α- synuclein is the characteristic trait of Parkinson's disease.

scholarly journals Identification and control of sources of Taenia solium infection – the attempts to eradicate the parasite

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Samorek-Pieróg ◽  
Jacek Karamon ◽  
Tomasz Cencek
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Taenia Solium ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Porcine Cysticercosis ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Parasitic Zoonoses ◽  
And Control

AbstractTaenia soliumis a parasite causing porcine cysticercosis and human taeniosis and cysticercosis, parasitic zoonoses with a serious public health and economic influence. It has been globally ranked as the top foodborne parasite by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organisation (WHO). This parasite is transmitted mainly in countryside regions where animals are free roaming, having access to human faeces, and infected pork is widely available. More developed countries eliminated cysticercosis; nonetheless, there are insufficient data about the current endemicity status ofT.solium, due to increased human migration from endemic areas. Formally submitted statistics on cysticercosis in pigs are extremely inadequate. This is the result of not reporting all cases of the disease by some countries and lack of molecular verification during identification of the parasite. There is a need to develop diagnostic tests with increased sensitivity and specificity. The purpose of the present review is to summarise current knowledge about diagnostic and control methods concerningT.soliuminfection. The article does not address the diagnostics of human cysticercosis, since there is a distinct medical field which should be discussed separately. The paper focuses mainly on identifying the sources ofT.soliuminfection, presenting the methods to detect and control porcine cysticercosis and taeniosis in humans.

Growth Pattern of Exclusively Breast-fed Infants During the First Six Months of Life in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Abiona ◽  
A.A. Onayade ◽  
K.T. Ijadunola ◽  
I.O. Abayomi ◽  
R.O.A. Makanjuola
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Growth Monitoring ◽  
National Recommendation ◽  
Breast Fed

Several studies to determine the growth pattern of exclusively breast fed infants have provided varying conclusions as to the sufficiency of breast milk alone to support adequate growth for the first six months of life. Disagreement exists concerning the optimal timing of introduction of complementary foods to exclusively breast fed infants. This prospective study thus examined the adequacy of breast milk alone to support normal growth during the first six months of life in our environment. The overall objective was to propose a scientifically sound national recommendation on the appropriate timing for the introduction of complementary feeding in Nigeria. Three hundred and fifty-two mother/infant pairs were serially recruited into the study; all babies were aged 14 days or less and weighed 2.5kg and above. Three hundred and forty-five (98%) were successfully followed up till the infants were six months old. By six months, 264 (76.5%) were exclusively breast-fed, while 81 (23.5%) had commenced complementary feeding. Growth curves of exclusively breast-fed infants showed increasing weight from birth to six months. Although the 50th percentile birth weight for both boys and girls were the same (3.2kg), boys gained weight faster than the girls from the age of one month to six months and were heavier at six months. Additionally, the 50th percentile curves of these infants (both genders) for the first six months were above the 50th percentile curve of the World Health Organisation and National Centre for Health Statistics (WHO/NCHS) reference currently used on our national “road to health” (growth monitoring) cards. It was concluded that exclusive breast-feeding supported adequate growth during the first six months of life for most of the children studied and that our national recommendation that infants be introduced to complementary feeding at six months is appropriate.

scholarly journals The impact of physical activity and exercise on obesity

2016 ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Farid Mouissi
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
The Body ◽  
World Health ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Physical Activity And Exercise ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Introduction: The health benefits of regular physical activity alone are real, and the World Health Organisation has afforded great importance to the issue of obesity, and considers it to be an epidemic, which is threatening global health. Despite the fact that the subject of obesity emerged in developed countries, Arab countries began experiencing this phenomenon, due to changes in lifestyle among its citizens. Physical activity may favourably affect body fat distribution. Our study aims to study the impact of physical activity and exercise on obesity. Method: The research sample was 165 adolescents with an average age of 17.8 years old. A questionnaire was used to estimate physical activity and exercise. The body mass index (BMI) is used to determine obesity. Result: The results of the study indicated that there is a relationship between physical activity and exercise and obesity, and also between the amount of exercise and type of physical activity and obesity. Conclusion: Physical activity and exercise have an impact on obesity. Through the study results, we recommend the importance of physical activity and exercise for teenagers, because the continuous practice of physical activity reduces obesity. Keywords: obesity, physical activity and exercise, adolescence.

scholarly journals INFEKSI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) PADA BAYI DAN ANAK

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Johanis Johanis ◽  
Endang Retnowati
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Hiv Rna ◽  
Hiv Antibodies ◽  
Maternal Hiv ◽  
The Developed Countries

HIV is an obligate intracellular RNA virus which fully replicates in the host cells notably express CD4+ receptor, such as CD4+ Tlymphocytes, astrocytes, microglias, monocyte-macrophages, Langerhans cells, dendritic cells. There are two types of HIV: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 is less pathogenic and less contribution in children. In the developing countries the total number children with HIV increased higher than in the developed countries. HIV infection in children is more common in children who have HIV infected mothers, they are mostly transmitted during the laboring process. Breast milk from HIV infected mothers is a potential transmission media, there fore HIV infected mothers is not admitted giving breast milk to their babies. The risk factors of mother-child transmissions of HIV infection are: virus, maternal, obstetric, fetal and baby. Maternal HIV antibodies in child’s circulation cause the diagnosis of HIV in children difficult. There fore an accurate and fast diagnosis is needed to decrease the disease progressivity in children as well as by proper antiretroviral treatment. There are suggestion reference for diagnosis tests for HIV infection in babies and children <18 months by virology test using HIV-DNA PCR and HIV-RNA PCR. The diagnosis test for children ≥18 is HIV antibody test the same such as in adult. In HIV infected babies and children is used CD4+ T-lymphocytes percentage to monitor the disease progressivity.

scholarly journals Access to Medicines and Medical Equipment during COVID-19: Searching Compatibility between the WTO and the WHO

2022 ◽  
pp. 097492842110684
Author(s):  
Mrityunjay Kumar ◽  
Ayesha Fatma ◽  
Nalin Bharti
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Medical Equipment ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World

Affordable access to medicines is a key determinant of a country’s resilience to health crises. The modern hyper-connected international trade and production networks have a vital role to play in ensuring this accessibility, especially in the context of a pandemic. This article focuses on the medicines and medical equipment and analyses the synergistic role of the two international organisations—The World Trade Organisation (WTO) and The World Health Organisation (WHO), in assuring affordable access to these goods globally. WHO is responsible for global healthcare regulations; however, the medical supply chain originates in a few developed countries, manufactured in bulk (in case of medicine) at low cost in developing countries, and finally traded worldwide. Here, the role of WTO comes—it facilitates global trade cooperation and intellectual property rights monitoring, both key elements in medical goods production and trading. Despite the need for cooperation in mitigating COVID-19, much of the global response to COVID-19 has been fragmented and inward-looking. This lack of coordination has serious repercussions especially for developing countries. We use qualitative content analysis methodology, connecting concepts of cooperation theory and global governance, to identify the joint role of the two organisations in fostering global cooperation in medical goods accessibility.

A Collaborative Study to Establish the Second International Standard for Streptokinase

1990 ◽  
Vol 64 (02) ◽  
pp. 267-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
A B Heath ◽  
P J Gaffney
Keyword(s):  
High Purity ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Clot Lysis ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Accelerated Degradation ◽  
The World ◽  
International Collaborative Study

SummaryAn International Standard for Streptokinase - Streptodomase (62/7) has been used to calibrate high purity clinical batches of SK since 1965. An international collaborative study, involving six laboratories, was undertaken to replace this standard with a high purity standard for SK. Two candidate preparations (88/826 and 88/824) were compared by a clot lysis assay with the current standard (62/7). Potencies of 671 i.u. and 461 i.u. were established for preparations A (88/826) and B (88/824), respectively.Either preparation appeared suitable to serve as a standard for SK. However, each ampoule of preparation A (88/826) contains a more appropriate amount of SK activity for potency testing, and is therefore preferred. Accelerated degradation tests indicate that preparation A (88/826) is very stable.The high purity streptokinase preparation, coded 88/826, has been established by the World Health Organisation as the 2nd International Standard for Streptokinase, with an assigned potency of 700 i.u. per ampoule.

A Collaborative Study to Establish an International Standard for Alpha-Thrombin

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (04) ◽  
pp. 424-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Gaffney ◽  
A B Heath ◽  
J W Fenton II
Keyword(s):  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Thrombin Inhibitors ◽  
World Health ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
International Standard ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
And Control

SummarySince 1975 an International Standard for Thrombin of low purity has been used. While this standard was stable and of value for calibrating thrombins of unknown potency the need for a pure a-thrombin standard arose both for accurate calibration and for precise measurement of thrombin inhibitors, notably hirudin. An international collaborative study was undertaken to establish the potency and stability of an ampouled pure a-thrombin preparation. A potency of 97.5 international units (95% confidence limits 86.5-98.5) was established for the new a-thrombin standard (89/ 588) using a clotting-assay procedure. Stability data at various elevated temperatures indicated that the standard could be transported and stored with no significant loss of potency.Ampoules of lyophilised a-thrombin (coded 89/588) have been recommended as an International Standard for a-thrombin with an assigned potency of 100 international units per ampoule by the International Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis (Thrombin and its Inhibitors Sub-Committee) in Barcelona, Spain in July 1990 while the Expert Committee on Biological Standardisation and Control of the World Health Organisation will consider its status at its next meeting in Geneva in 1991.

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