scholarly journals Revisiting individual differences in the time course of binocular rivalry

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan W. Brascamp ◽  
Mark W. Becker ◽  
David Z. Hambrick
2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 8-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Brascamp ◽  
R. van Ee ◽  
A. J. Noest ◽  
R. H. A. H. Jacobs ◽  
A. V. van den Berg

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Andermane ◽  
Jenny Bosten ◽  
Anil Seth ◽  
Jamie Ward

Prior knowledge has been shown to facilitate the incorporation of visual stimuli into awareness. We adopted an individual differences approach to explore whether a tendency to ‘see the expected’ is general or method-specific. We administered a binocular rivalry task and manipulated selective attention, as well as induced expectations via predictive context, self-generated imagery, expectancy cues, and perceptual priming. Most prior manipulations led to a facilitated awareness of the biased percept in binocular rivalry, whereas strong signal primes led to a suppressed awareness, i.e., adaptation. Correlations and factor analysis revealed that the facilitatory effect of priors on visual awareness is closely related to attentional control. We also investigated whether expectation-based biases predict perceptual abilities. Adaptation to strong primes predicted improved naturalistic change detection and the facilitatory effect of weak primes predicted the experience of perceptual anomalies. Taken together, our results indicate that the facilitatory effect of priors may be underpinned by an attentional mechanism but the tendency to ‘see the expected’ is method-specific.


2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 2513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia C. Berkmann ◽  
Aaron X. Herrera Martin ◽  
Agnes Ellinghaus ◽  
Claudia Schlundt ◽  
Hanna Schell ◽  
...  

Local pH is stated to acidify after bone fracture. However, the time course and degree of acidification remain unknown. Whether the acidification pattern within a fracture hematoma is applicable to adjacent muscle hematoma or is exclusive to this regenerative tissue has not been studied to date. Thus, in this study, we aimed to unravel the extent and pattern of acidification in vivo during the early phase post musculoskeletal injury. Local pH changes after fracture and muscle trauma were measured simultaneously in two pre-clinical animal models (sheep/rats) immediately after and up to 48 h post injury. The rat fracture hematoma was further analyzed histologically and metabolomically. In vivo pH measurements in bone and muscle hematoma revealed a local acidification in both animal models, yielding mean pH values in rats of 6.69 and 6.89, with pronounced intra- and inter-individual differences. The metabolomic analysis of the hematomas indicated a link between reduction in tricarboxylic acid cycle activity and pH, thus, metabolic activity within the injured tissues could be causative for the different pH values. The significant acidification within the early musculoskeletal hematoma could enable the employment of the pH for novel, sought-after treatments that allow for spatially and temporally controlled drug release.


2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn L. Sy ◽  
Andrew J. Tomarken ◽  
Vaama Patel ◽  
Randolph Blake

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Dykes

The normal heart rate of young breathing harbor seals, 130.1 beats/min (S.E.M. = 22, n = 33), decreases by 50% during periods of spontaneous apnea in air and by 69% during 2 min of forced apnea in air. Apneic bradycardia develops five times more slowly than bradycardia observed during immersion. During forced apnea the heart rate drops to 31% of the value observed during periods of breathing in 200 s while during immersion the heart rate drops to this value only after 20 s. Since the bradycardia during apnea has a slower time course, apnea alone cannot account for the bradycardia observed during immersion.In quietly resting seals, the apneustic breathing pattern consisted of periods of breathing (duration of 10–115 s) interrupted by apneic pauses (duration of 19–104 s). During the breathing periods successive breaths tended to be smaller so that at the end of a breathing period the mean amplitude of a respiratory movement was only 57% of the mean amplitude of the first inspiration. Tracheostomy altered the breathing pattern and lowered the mean heart rate during breathing to 43% of the rate observed in intact animals. Under controlled conditions immersion bradycardia was highly reproducible and showed no signs of conditioning to the experimental regime. Data from 56 immersions on three animals illustrated minor individual differences in the time course of the immersion bradycardia and provided the basis for an estimate of the average time course of immersion bradycardia in young harbor seals.


2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Sy ◽  
Andrew Tomarken ◽  
Vaama Patel ◽  
Randolph Blake

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (30) ◽  
pp. 14811-14812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oakyoon Cha ◽  
Randolph Blake

Evidence for perceptual periodicity emerges from studies showing periodic fluctuations in visual perception and decision making that are accompanied by neural oscillations in brain activity. We have uncovered signs of periodicity in the time course of binocular rivalry, a widely studied form of multistable perception. This was done by analyzing time series data contained in an unusually large dataset of rivalry state durations associated with states of exclusive monocular dominance and states of mixed perception during transitions between exclusive dominance. Identifiable within the varying durations of dynamic mixed perception are rhythmic clusters of durations whose incidence falls within the frequency band associated with oscillations in neural activity accompanying periodicity in perceptual judgments. Endogenous neural oscillations appear to be especially impactful when perception is unusually confounding.


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