scholarly journals The effect of stimulus strength on binocular rivalry rate in healthy individuals: Implications for genetic, clinical and individual differences studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillip C.F. Law ◽  
Steven M. Miller ◽  
Trung T. Ngo
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Stimulus Strength ◽  
Healthy Individuals

scholarly journals Perceptual insensitivity to the modulation of interoceptive signals in depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Smith ◽  
◽  
Justin S. Feinstein ◽  
Rayus Kuplicki ◽  
Katherine L. Forthman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Heartbeat Perception ◽  
Minimal Improvement ◽  
Healthy Participants

AbstractThis study employed a series of heartbeat perception tasks to assess the hypothesis that cardiac interoceptive processing in individuals with depression/anxiety (N = 221), and substance use disorders (N = 136) is less flexible than that of healthy individuals (N = 53) in the context of physiological perturbation. Cardiac interoception was assessed via heartbeat tapping when: (1) guessing was allowed; (2) guessing was not allowed; and (3) experiencing an interoceptive perturbation (inspiratory breath hold) expected to amplify cardiac sensation. Healthy participants showed performance improvements across the three conditions, whereas those with depression/anxiety and/or substance use disorder showed minimal improvement. Machine learning analyses suggested that individual differences in these improvements were negatively related to anxiety sensitivity, but explained relatively little variance in performance. These results reveal a perceptual insensitivity to the modulation of interoceptive signals that was evident across several common psychiatric disorders, suggesting that interoceptive deficits in the realm of psychopathology manifest most prominently during states of homeostatic perturbation.

scholarly journals Experimentally-induced and real-world acute anxiety have no effect on goal-directed behaviour

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
CM Gillan ◽  
MM Vaghi ◽  
FH Hezemans ◽  
Grothe S van Ghesel ◽  
J Dafflon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Real World ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Stressful Events ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Correlational Design ◽  
Acute Anxiety

AbstractCompulsivity is associated with failures in goal-directed control, an important cognitive faculty that protects against developing habits. But might this effect be explained by co-occurring anxiety? Previous studies have found goal-directed deficits in other anxiety disorders, and to some extent when healthy individuals are stressed, suggesting this is plausible. We carried out a causal test of this hypothesis in two experiments (between-subject N=88; within-subject N=50) that used the inhalation of hypercapnic gas (7.5% CO2) to induce an acute state of anxiety in healthy volunteers. In both experiments, we successfully induced anxiety, assessed physiologically and psychologically, but this did not affect goal-directed performance. In a third experiment (N=1413), we used a correlational design to test if real-life anxiety-provoking events (panic attacks, stressful events) impair goal-directed control. While small effects were observed, none survived controlling for individual differences in compulsivity. These data suggest that anxiety has no meaningful impact on goal-directed control.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in the Tendency to See the Expected

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Andermane ◽  
Jenny Bosten ◽  
Anil Seth ◽  
Jamie Ward
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Visual Awareness ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Strong Signal ◽  
Perceptual Anomalies ◽  
Perceptual Abilities ◽  
Attentional Mechanism

Prior knowledge has been shown to facilitate the incorporation of visual stimuli into awareness. We adopted an individual differences approach to explore whether a tendency to ‘see the expected’ is general or method-specific. We administered a binocular rivalry task and manipulated selective attention, as well as induced expectations via predictive context, self-generated imagery, expectancy cues, and perceptual priming. Most prior manipulations led to a facilitated awareness of the biased percept in binocular rivalry, whereas strong signal primes led to a suppressed awareness, i.e., adaptation. Correlations and factor analysis revealed that the facilitatory effect of priors on visual awareness is closely related to attentional control. We also investigated whether expectation-based biases predict perceptual abilities. Adaptation to strong primes predicted improved naturalistic change detection and the facilitatory effect of weak primes predicted the experience of perceptual anomalies. Taken together, our results indicate that the facilitatory effect of priors may be underpinned by an attentional mechanism but the tendency to ‘see the expected’ is method-specific.

scholarly journals Relating excitatory and inhibitory neurochemicals to visual perception: a magnetic resonance study of occipital cortex between migraine events

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Man Chan ◽  
Kabilan Pitchaimuthu ◽  
Qi-Zhu Wu ◽  
Olivia L Carter ◽  
Gary F Egan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Study ◽  
Gaba Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

AbstractCertain perceptual measures have been proposed as indirect assays of brain neurochemical status in people with migraine. One such measure is binocular rivalry, however, previous studies have not measured rivalry characteristics and brain neurochemistry together in people with migraine. This study compared spectroscopy-measured levels of GABA and Glx (glutamine and glutamate complex) in visual cortex between 16 people with migraine and 16 non-headache controls, and assessed whether the concentration of these neurochemicals explains, at least partially, inter-individual variability in binocular rivalry perceptual measures. Mean Glx level was significantly reduced in migraineurs relative to controls, whereas mean occipital GABA levels were similar between groups. Neither GABA levels, nor Glx levels correlated with rivalry percept duration. Our results thus suggest that the previously suggested relationship between rivalry percept duration and GABAergic inhibitory neurotransmitter concentration in visual cortex is not strong enough to enable rivalry percept duration to be reliably assumed to be a surrogate for GABA concentration, at least in the context of healthy individuals and those that experience migraine.

scholarly journals Distributional analyses of individual differences in binocular rivalry dynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (10) ◽  
pp. 582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jocelyn Sy ◽  
Andrew Tomarken ◽  
Vaama Patel ◽  
Randolph Blake
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Binocular Rivalry

Does the Gamma Distribution Refer to an Underlying Mechanism in Binocular Rivalry?

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 22-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
P H C Vallen ◽  
P R Snoeren ◽  
Ch M M de Weert
Keyword(s):  
Distribution Function ◽  
Gamma Distribution ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Stimulus Strength ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Neural Spikes ◽  
Random Events ◽  
Process Speed

Thirty years ago, Levelt (1967 British Journal of Psychology58 143 – 145) fitted the distribution of dominance times in binocular rivalry with the gamma distribution (the distribution function of waiting times for N random events with process speed lambda). Ever since, the gamma distribution has been used to describe the rivalry phase durations, without an explanatory underlying mechanism being given. Although Levelt suggested lambda to be proportional to the stimulus strength (eg contrast, luminance, blur, amount of contour) and N to be ‘successive neural spikes’, this suggestion has never been tested. The purpose of this study was to test whether or not N and lambda represent characteristics of the observer and the stimulus, respectively. To collect the data as accurately as possible, we performed a large number of measurements involving different designs and stimuli. In contrast to previous experiments, collected data were not pooled but were compared within each subject. We tested the hypothesis by collecting time intervals from subjects responding to numerous conditions in which disk - ring stimuli were varied in contrast, blur, or amount of contour in one eye.

scholarly journals Revisiting individual differences in the time course of binocular rivalry

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan W. Brascamp ◽  
Mark W. Becker ◽  
David Z. Hambrick
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Time Course

Binocular Rivalry with Rotary and Radial Motions

Perception ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Wade ◽  
Charles M M De Weert
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Linear Velocity ◽  
Stimulus Strength ◽  
Radial Pattern ◽  
Circular Pattern ◽  
The Third ◽  
Angular Velocities ◽  
Outward Motion ◽  
The Mean

Binocular rivalry between a radially sectored and a concentrically circular pattern was investigated in three experiments. Motion of the circular pattern was either cyclical expansion and contraction with corresponding changes in spatial frequency (experiment 1), or outward motion with a constant linear velocity (experiment 2). When both patterns were static the circular pattern was visible for longer than the radial one. Motion of either pattern alone resulted in an increase in the predominance duration and the mean period for which the pattern was visible. This is at variance with Levelt's model of rivalry. In the third experiment, rivalry was between a static circular pattern and a radial pattern that could be rotated at different angular velocities. Again it was found that an increase in stimulus strength, as measured by predominance, led to an increase in the mean periods of visibility of the rotating pattern.

scholarly journals Me as good and me as bad: Priming the self triggers positive and negative implicit evaluations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vivian Zayas
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
The Self ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Evaluative Priming ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Indirect Measures ◽  
Meta Analyses

Although theories of personality and human behavior have long assumed that the self is affectively complex, widely used indirect measures of implicit self-evaluations have largely focused on the robustness and cultural universality of the self’s positivity. Such indirect measures assess evaluations on a single continuum, ranging from positive to negative. Thus, they focus on the self’s relative positivity and are inherently incapable of assessing whether the self is associated with good and bad. Using the well-established evaluative priming task, the present work tested the hypothesis that positive implicit self-evaluations coexist with an inkling of negative implicit self-evaluations. Studies 1 and 2 empirically demonstrated that priming the self facilitated the classification of both positive and negative targets (bivalent-priming). In contrast, replicating classic findings, priming a personally significant, liked object facilitated the classification of positive targets and inhibited the classification of negative targets (univalent-priming). Study 3 showed that the bivalent-priming triggered by self-primes cannot be explained by alternative accounts (e.g., arousal, vigilance). Meta-analyses of all studies attests to the robustness and reproducibility of self-primes triggering both positive and negative implicit evaluations. Moreover, tests estimating heterogeneity in the strength of implicit self-evaluations indicated that individual differences in nonclinical, healthy individuals may be limited, possibly reflecting measurement limitations, the nature of implicit self-evaluations, or both. Overall, the present work shines a spotlight on a previously undocumented effect: Despite the self’s robust net positivity, the self reliably triggers negative implicit self-evaluations. Implications for the conceptualization, assessment, and consequences of implicit self-evaluations are discussed.

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