scholarly journals Język Polaków na Bukowinie Karpackiej

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 175-186
Author(s):  
Helena Krasowska
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Polish Group ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Polish People ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
The Prestige

The language of Polish people in Carpathian BukovinaThe Polish group which was settling in Bukovina since 18th century was various as far as the place of origin is concerned. These are comers from Galicia, Lesser Poland and the region of Czadca in Slovakia. In this article the author presented linguistic situation in particular villages according to the division of Polish community which varies regarding the origin and present place of residence.In the Polish language of Bukovina – according to the research – relatively faint traces of the dialect of Lesser Poland can be found. The speech of comers from lesser Poland weakened due to the prestige of the speech of settlers from Eastern Galicia which developed mainly in conditions of Polish-Ukrainian bilinguism as well as Polish–Ukrainian–Romanian trilinguism or even Polish–Ukrainian–Romanian–German  polylinguism.The author circumstantiated linguistic contacts of the Polish group in Kaczyka, Nowy Sołoniec, Paltynoasa, Plesza, Pojana Mikuli (in Southern Bukovina) as well as in Stara Huta, Dolne Piotrowce, Tereblecze (in Northern Bukovina) and Czerniowce, Storożyniec and Panka. The most important linguistic features were named in the article.As a result, the Polish community in the Southern Bukovina region can be divided into four groups varying as far as the language and origin are concerned: the dialect of Kaczyka village, dialect of Bukovinian Highlanders; dialect of Ruda village; dialect of Bulaj and Michoweny villages. There is the Polish language, so called all-Bukovinian which is a variation of the Polish language of South-Eastern borderland and the dialect of Bukovinian Highlanders (with different features than the mentioned above).

scholarly journals Ks. Wacław Sierakowski – propagator wiedzy o muzyce i organizator szkolnictwa muzycznego w okresie działalności Komisji Edukacji Narodowej

2018 ◽  
pp. 85-99
Author(s):  
Michał Piekarski
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Musical Life ◽  
Music School ◽  
National Education ◽  
Musical Education ◽  
Polish People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The City

In the second half of the 18th century, musical education in Poland was poor. The Commission of National Education (1773–1793) did not take music into account in its projects. The individual willing to change the situation was Father Wacław Sierakowski (1741–1806), provost of the Wawel Cathedral in Krakow. He played a significant role in the musical life of the city as an organiser of public concerts and founder of a private music school. In 1795–1796, he published a three-volume musical textbook, The Art of Music for Young Polish People (Sztuka muzyki dla młodzieży krajowej), one of the first musical textbooks in the Polish language. In Sierakowski’s publication the stress was put on the social and national value of music. The first volume also featured Sierakowski’s petition from 1792, intended for submission before the Sejm (Polish Parliament), in which the author propounded the idea of the state taking over musical education and establishing a major statesponsored music school in Krakow (Alumnatus Vocalistarum). These plans were never carried out as the third partition of Poland ensued in 1795.

scholarly journals Sytuacja socjolingwistyczna Polaków bukowińskich

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 185-195
Author(s):  
Helena Krasowska
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Polish Population ◽  
Language Usage ◽  
Homogenous Group ◽  
Linguistic Interference ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Place Of Origin ◽  
Education Profession ◽  
Church School

Sociolinguistic situation of Poles in BukovinaIn the present article the author presented the sociolinguistic situation of Poles in Bukovina. She paid attention to the group of Bukovina mountaineers who stayed in Bukovina after the repatriation in 1945 and those who currently inhabit the so called Western Lands. The Poles in Bukovina were not a homogenous group. The Polish population settling in Bukovina since the 18th century was of a different place of origin. We need to distinguish three basic groups: newcomers from Galicia, Lesser Poland and from the region of Cadca in Slovakia. This resulted in using three variations of the Polish language in this area.The following domains of language usage have been distinguished for the description of the Polish mountaineers in Bukovina and so called Western Lands: family, neighbourhood, church, school, offices.The author highlights that there should be a sociolinguistic research of all the Bukovina mountaineers in Poland in comparison with studies which have discussed this group in Bukovina so far. Apart from problems regarding linguistic interference, shifting codes, the theory of bilingualism and diglossia such research should include extralinguistic conditions, e.g. origin, age, education, profession, departures.  Cоциолингвистическая ситуация поляков в БуковинеВ статье представлена социолингвистическая ситуация поляков, проживающих в Буковине. Особое внимание обращено на группу граждан не эвакуирующуюся в Польшу в 1945 году и оставшуюся на постоянное жительство вне родины. Те, кто покинул Буковину и переехал в Польшу, поселились на западных польских территориях. Буковинские поляки–горцы не составляли однородной группы. Польские поселенцы, прибывающие в Буковину, начиная с XVIII столетия, были выходцами из разных районов Польши: прибыли из Галиции, Малой Польши, и чадецкого района Словакии. Cледовательнo они разговаривали на разных диалектах. Oбcyждалось употребление данной разновидности языка в следующих областях: семья, соседи, церковь, школа, правительственные организации.Автор статьи обращает внимание на необходимость сравнительных социолингвистических исследований всех групп польских буковинских горцев с группой, проживающей с 1945 года в Польше.

scholarly journals Linguistic geography and historical material. An example of inventory ledgers from the second half of the 18th century kept in Wielkopolska

Gwary Dziś ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 111-134
Author(s):  
Błażej Osowski
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Small Room

This work connects with the dialectological aspect of linguistic geography. The analysed material consists of inventory ledgers kept in Wielkopolska in the second half of the 18th century for nobility possessions. It is assumed that the then regional variety of the Polish language spoken in Wielkopolska was geographically diverse and this diversity was anything but accidental. It was affected by the education of the communication actors (including the writers) and their command of the literary Polish language, dialectal influences, impact of foreign languages, presence of archaic and innovative elements. This diversity is reflected in inventory ledgers; an analysis thereof was aimed at excerpting examples of lexical variants. This work contains 4 selected examples: ‘bogaty chłop’ [a wealthy farmer], ‘ziemniaki’ [potatoes], ‘mała izba’[a small room], ‘niebieski’ [blue]. Maps have been created for them. The analytical part is followed by generalisation of the variability in the surveyed sources (types of variability, its sources, levels, types of variants).

scholarly journals Newtonian Optics and the Historiography of Light in the 18th Century: A critical Analysis of Joseph Priestley’s The History of Optics

2018 ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Breno Moura
Keyword(s):  
Present State ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Optical Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Joseph Priestley ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
History Of Optics ◽  
The Prestige

In 1772, Joseph Priestley published The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light and Colours, also known as The History of Optics. The book intended to present all the achievements in the matter of light and colors, from the Ancient times to the 18th century. This paper presents a study of the content of The History of Optics, in order to analyze how it sold Newtonian optics in the historiography of light. It will comprise discussions on Priestley’s views on History, his involvement with optical studies, his perceptions on Newtonian optics and the Biographical Chart included in the book. This analysis can add new elements for the current Historiography on Priestley, clarifying other aspects that demonstrate his commitment to a Newtonian view of the History of Optics, as well as an example of the prestige that Newton’s Natural Philosophy had throughout the 18th century. 

scholarly journals Ze współczesnej perspektywy o przysłowiach w niemiecko-polskim słowniku K. C. Mrongowiusza z połowy XIX wieku

2007 ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Bogusław Nowowiejski
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
The Third ◽  
Polish People ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Lexical Composition ◽  
Linguistic Material

In the first part of the article the author justifies a large number of approximately 800 proverbs, in the strict sense of the word, which appear in the third edition of Dokładny niemiecko-polski słownik (Detailed Polish-German dictionary) by Christoph Coelestin Mrongovius from 1854, with didactic pragmatism and other requirements of the nineteenth century lexicographical workshop typical for the then translator dictionaries , including a tendency to serve an edifying purpose. The second part of the article, which is more extensive, includes conclusions coming from the analysis of the linguistic material. They imply that even though a great deal of the analyzed proverbs seem well known as they are a living element of the Polish language from the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, a contemporary user of Polish finds many of them not only completely strange and foreign but also archaic. Such a perception is influenced, among the others, by the fact that some proverbs have been completely forgotten for different reasons. Other seem hardly legible in result of their lexical composition, which includes ancient and already forgotten words or their meanings, i.e. dictionary and semantic archaisms; sometimes, past morphological and grammatical forms make a proverb seem strange for contemporary Polish people.

scholarly journals Deminutywność, symilatywność i tautologia słowotwórcza w języku doby średniopolskiej (na materiale ze słownika M.A. Troca)

2021 ◽  
Vol LXXVII (77) ◽  
pp. 193-209
Author(s):  
MAREK KASZEWSKI
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Input Language ◽  
The Real ◽  
Linguistic Awareness ◽  
Real Functions ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
High Level

W tekście podejmowana jest problematyka ograniczeń procesu kategoryzacji klas derywatów deminutywnych oraz symilatywnych w dobie średniopolskiej. Celem opracowania było wskazanie potencjalnych przyczyn blokowania procesów kategoryzacyjnych klas historycznych deminutywów oraz symilatywów. W zakresie metodologii i ustaleń terminologicznych wykorzystano osiągnięcia tzw. „katowickiej szkoły słowotwórstwa historycznego”. Głównym źródłem materiału leksykalnego stał się trójjęzyczny dykcjonarz M.A. Troca z 1764 roku (jego III tom, z polszczyzną jako językiem wyjściowym). Świadomość lingwistyczna autora tego słownika, przejawiająca się w sposobie organizacji wyrażeń hasłowych oraz doboru ekwiwalentów wraz z definicjami, rzuciła nowe światło na sposób identyfikowania kategorii deminutywów, symilatywów, a także formacji tautologicznych przez dawnych użytkowników języka. Okazało się, że w drugiej połowie XVIII wieku żadna z tych klas nie wykrystalizowała swoich dominant, zaś czynnikiem, który mógł podtrzymywać ten stan, była obecność w języku znacznej liczby derywatów tautologicznych względem podstawy, budowanych z udziałem wielofunkcyjnych formantów z podstawowymi sufiksalnymi spółgłoskami -k- i -c-. Diminutivity, similativity and word-formation tautology in Middle Polish (illustrated with data from M.A. Troc’s Dictionary) Summary: The text deals with the limitations of the categorization process of the classes of diminutive and similative derivatives in Middle Polish. The aim of the study was to identify the potential reasons for the blocking of the categorization processes of the historical classes of diminutives and similatives. The methodology and terminology used in the paper follows the achievements of the so-called “Katowice school of historical word-formation”. The 1764 trilingual dictionary by M.A. Troc (Volume 3, with Polish as the input language) was the main source of lexical material. Based on the analysis of the presented material, one can conclude that the linguistic awareness of the lexicographer, manifested through the organization of dictionary entries and the choice of foreign equivalents and their definitions, may shed a new light on the categorical system of historical derivatives. In lack of sufficient Polish-language contexts, the translational character of lexicographic sources lets us gain information about the semantic and stylistic value of Polish lexical units on the basis of their foreign equivalents or their foreign-language definitions provided by dictionaries. The category of diminutive names in the second half of the 18th century did not yet crystallize its dominants, and the class of similative names had a similar formal and semantic status. Both classes constituted products of sets that contained derivative units, assuming a diminishing or similative function. The factor that inhibited the process of the crystallization of the dominants in the mentioned classes was the extremely high level of word-formation tautology, which did not allow language users to identify the real functions of multifunctional formants with the basic consonants -k- and -c-.

Budzhak Population: an experience of a fugitive review of 18th-century observations

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-74
Author(s):  
Nicolai Russev ◽  
◽  
Fedor Markov
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Natural Landscape ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Social Crisis ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Eurasian Steppe ◽  
South Eastern Europe

Budzhak (in modern Moldova and Ukraine) is the western part of the Eurasian steppe, the natural character of which had determined the ways of the local life for centuries. The Ottoman and the Russian Empires had clashed here in the eighteenth century, on the eve of the European Enlightenment. This fight was to determine further prospects for development, while many contemporaries and eyewitnesses tried to guess any signs of these prospects. A profound social crisis in south-eastern Europe contributed to political and ethnic and confessional changes and was changing the natural landscape. The Turkic Muslim population had to leave these lands under the growing pressure of these changes, and the new population was predominantly Christian. Now the Christians determined the way of life in Budzhak, even its flora and fauna.

Humanitarian Law in armed conflicts: The doctrine and practice of Polish insurgents in the 19th Century

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (192) ◽  
pp. 128-132
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Bierzanek
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
The Political ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Polish People ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
The 19Th Century

Did Poland, whose territory was divided up between Prussia, Russia and Austria at the end of the 18th century and which did not regain its independence until 1918, contribute in the 19th century to the ideas underlying humanitarian law applicable in armed conflicts?The political conditions under which the Polish people were then living, while they devoted all their energies to the fight for independence, encouraged them to study and consider various aspects of wars of national liberation. Their thinking was marked by much originality, with some special characteristics that are worth recalling.

scholarly journals ELEKTRONICZNY KORPUS TEKSTÓW POLSKICH Z XVII I XVIII W. – PROBLEMY TEORETYCZNE I WARSZTATOWE

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
Włodzimierz Gruszczyński ◽  
Dorota Adamiec ◽  
Renata Bronikowska ◽  
Aleksandra Wieczorek
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language Processing ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Text Representation ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Historical Material ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
National Corpus

Electronic Corpus of 17th- and 18th-century Polish Texts – theoretical and workshop problems Summary This paper presents the Electronic Corpus of 17th- and 18th-century Polish Texts (KorBa) – a large (13.5-million), annotated historical corpus available online. Its creation was modelled on the assumptions of the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP), yet the specifi c nature of the historical material enforced certain modifi cations of the solutions applied in NKJP, e.g. two forms of text representation (transliteration and transcription) were introduced, the principle of designating foreign-language fragments was adopted, and the tagset was adapted to the description of the grammatical structure of the Middle Polish language. The texts collected in KorBa are diversified in chronological, geographical, stylistic, and thematic terms although, due to e.g. limited access to the material, the postulate of representativeness and sustainability of the corpus was not fully implemented. The work on the corpus was to a large extent automated as a result of using natural language processing tools. Keywords: electronic text corpus – historical corpus – 17th-18th-century Polish – natural language processing

scholarly journals Strefy dialektalne języka białoruskiego jako przykład językowych kontaktów z sąsiednimi narodami

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 139-166
Author(s):  
Mirosław Jankowiak
Keyword(s):  
South Eastern ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
North Western

Dialectal zones of the Belarusian language as an example of language contacts between neighbouring nationsThe article regards dialectal zones of the Belarusian language, which, as opposed to the traditional division into dialectal belts and dialectal groups, were marked out mainly on the basis of lexical and not grammatical features. While the traditionally delineated dialects indicate ethnographic unity of the Belarusian nation, dialectal zones present cultural and historical contacts with neighbouring nations. We can distinguish five zones: north-western (contacts with the Baltic languages, mainly with Lithuanian, and the Polish language of the northern borderland), south-eastern (contacts with Russian and Ukrainian), western (contacts with Polish), eastern (contacts with Russian) and central. Strefy dialektalne języka białoruskiego jako przykład językowych kontaktów z sąsiednimi narodami Artykuł traktuje o strefach dialektalnych języka białoruskiego, które, w odróżnieniu od tradycyjnego podziału na pasy dialektów i grupy gwarowe, zostały wyznaczone przede wszystkim w oparciu o cechy leksykalne, a nie gramatyczne. O ile tradycyjne dialekty wskazują na etnogenetyczną wspólnotę narodu białoruskiego, o tyle strefy dialektalne na kulturowo-historyczne kontakty z narodami sąsiednimi. Wyróżnia się pięć stref: północno-zachodnią (kontakt z językami bałtyckimi, głównie litewskim, i polszczyzną północnokresową), południowo-wschodnią (z rosyjskim i ukraińskim), zachodnią (z językiem polskim), wschodnią (z językiem rosyjskim) oraz centralną.

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