Crude Illumination: A Crude Oil Art Inspection

Leonardo ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Elia Vargas ◽  
Danielle Siembieda

This paper details Elia Vargas’ hybrid research art practice that examines alternative histories of crude oil, through an art inspection by the “Art Inspector” social practice of Danielle Siembieda. As a creative framework to understand the entangled nature and culture of the product Crudoleum, invented by American mystic Edgar Cayce, Siembieda evaluates Vargas’ crude oil art practice through an assessment of its environmental impacts. The performative inspection examines assumptions about the materiality of oil in speculative and empirical ways. The purpose of this paper is twofold, to analyze the constitution of Crudoleum, contextualizing it within a history of other petropractices; and to continue Vargas’ ongoing critique of the perspective that fossil fuels are ontologically determinate by humans.

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 600-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Bond

AbstractThis article links up the disastrous history of fossil fuels with the celebrated ecology of mangroves. Building on ethnographic and historical research in Puerto Rico and St. Croix, it outlines the often neglected but quite consequential place of crude oil in the Caribbean. Following the construction of what became the second largest refinery in the world, I describe how the imperial energy networks of the United States first came to the Caribbean. Troubling a popular origin story of the Caribbean, colonial and industry leaders voiced a robust critique of the plantation in order to justify the introduction of these enclave refineries. Imperial energy networks welcomed an unprecedented problem to the region: coastal oil spills. The scientific and legal response to these spills brought new attention to the vital relationality of mangroves. Rather perversely, the destruction of the mangroves in the Caribbean—in which crude oil played the leading role—opened mangroves up to new forms of knowledge and care. While many claim that fossil fuels helped cultivate a modern disregard for the natural world, I show how the negative ecologies of fossil fuels also instigated new scientific and political appreciations for the liveliness of the natural world. This story of oil in the Caribbean has implications for scholarly debates around the so-called Anthropocene. Against scholarship that looks at the coming disaster of crude oil as an epochal break in thought and politics, this paper instead describes the long history of acknowledging and managing the disastrous qualities of fossil fuels.


Author(s):  
Seyed Ehsan Hosseini

Renewable and sustainable energy has an evolving story as the ongoing trade war in the word is influencing crude oil prices. Moreover, the global warming is an inevitable consequence of the worldwide increasing rate of fossil fuel utilization which has persuaded the governments to invest on the clean and sustainable energy resources. In recent years, the cost of green energy has tumbled, making the price of renewables competitive to the fossil fuels. Although, the hydrogen fuel is still extremely expensive compared to the crude oil price, investigations about clean hydrogen fuel production and utilization has been developed significantly which demonstrate the importance of the hydrogen fuel in the future. This article aims to scrutinize the importance of green hydrogen fuel production from solar/wind energy.


Author(s):  
Tom Johnson

There were tens of thousands of different local law-courts in late-medieval England, providing the most common forums for the working out of disputes and the making of decisions about local governance. While historians have long studied these institutions, there have been very few attempts to understand this complex institutional form of ‘legal pluralism’. Law in Common provides a way of apprehending this complexity by drawing out broader patterns of legal engagement. The first half of the book explores four ‘local legal cultures’ – in the countryside, towns and cities, the maritime world, and Forests – that grew up around legal institutions, landscapes, and forms of socio-economic practice in these places, and produced distinctive senses of law. The second half of the book turns to examine ‘common legalities’, widespread forms of social practice that emerge across these different localities, through which people aimed to invoke the power of law. Through studies of the physical landscape, the production of legitimate knowledge, the emergence of English as a legal vernacular, and the proliferation of legal documents, it offers a new way to understand how common people engaged with law in the course of their everyday lives. Drawing on a huge body of archival research from the plenitude of different local institutions, Law in Common offers a new social history of law that aims to explain how common people negotiated the transformational changes of the long fifteenth century through legality.


Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 583
Author(s):  
Carl C. Christensen ◽  
Robert H. Cowie ◽  
Norine W. Yeung ◽  
Kenneth A. Hayes

Classic biological control of pest non-marine mollusks has a long history of disastrous outcomes, and despite claims to the contrary, few advances have been made to ensure that contemporary biocontrol efforts targeting mollusks are safe and effective. For more than half a century, malacologists have warned of the dangers in applying practices developed in the field of insect biological control, where biocontrol agents are often highly host-specific, to the use of generalist predators and parasites against non-marine mollusk pests. Unfortunately, many of the lessons that should have been learned from these failed biocontrol programs have not been rigorously applied to contemporary efforts. Here, we briefly review the failures of past non-marine mollusk biocontrol efforts in the Pacific islands and their adverse environmental impacts that continue to reverberate across ecosystems. We highlight the fact that none of these past programs has ever been demonstrated to be effective against targeted species, and at least two (the snails Euglandina spp. and the flatworm Platydemus manokwari) are implicated in the extinction of hundreds of snail species endemic to Pacific islands. We also highlight other recent efforts, including the proposed use of sarcophagid flies and nematodes in the genus Phasmarhabditis, that clearly illustrate the false claims that past bad practices are not being repeated. We are not making the claim that biocontrol programs can never be safe and effective. Instead, we hope that in highlighting the need for robust controls, clear and measurable definitions of success, and a broader understanding of ecosystem level interactions within a rigorous scientific framework are all necessary before claims of success can be made by biocontrol advocates. Without such amendments to contemporary biocontrol programs, it will be impossible to avoid repeating the failures of non-marine mollusk biocontrol programs to date.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (263) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
José del Valle

AbstractIn his contribution, José del Valle looks at the intersection of the sociolinguistic study of Spanish in the US and the transformations of Spanish language departments in higher education. Del Valle traces the history of the institutionalization of Spanish teaching and study and its effects on linguistic research’s position within Spanish departments. Shifts in approaches to the use of language in social practice, and the growing demands on language units to act as service departments for language learners, has isolated scholars in those institutional homes from broader integration into sociolinguistic research.


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-45
Author(s):  
Amiko Matsuo ◽  
亜実子 松尾

Fram Kitagawa is a major producer of contemporary art festivals in Japan. His optimistic vision connects artists, farmers, rural residents, and researchers to redefine the notion of local identity and place. Doing so revitalizes rural Japanese communities by increasing awareness through the restorative process of satoyama, which allows for connections between the history of the landscape, aesthetics, and local socio-economic issues. Kitagawa’s active pursuit of dialogue within the multiple narratives of local and regional histories makes the Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennali precursors to other expansive social art practices. More importantly, the restorative efforts of Kitagawa and the Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennale endure despite the economic recession, the Chuetsu earthquake, polarization of the urban and rural, and the Tohoku devastation on 3/11. This persistence depends upon linking artistic practices with social development rooted in place-making and place-identity. Increased awareness by Western artists might set up Echigo-Tsumari as a model for transformative art elsewhere on the scale of Kitagawa’s vision. The model could inspire, for example, more work in the vein of Theaster Gates, the American ceramic and social practice installation artists, who argues that artists should do more than just make objects. Rather, we should “make the thing that makes the thing,” and as Gates asserts, we should transform culture. 北川フラムは、日本における現代アート・フェスティバルの重要なプロデューサーの一人である。彼の前向きな考え方は、アーティスト、農民、地方の住民、そして地域のアイデンティティや場所の概念の再定義を行う研究者を結びつけている。この結びつきは里山の回復プロセスに対する人々の気づきを促し、日本の地方コミュニテイを活性化している。さらにこの結びつきによって、風景の歴史、美学、地域の社会経済問題を結びつけることも可能となっている。北川が地元や地方の歴史に関する多様な物語と活発に対話しつづけてきたことによって、越後妻有トリエンナーレは他の社会的アート実践のさきがけとなった。より重要なのは、経済的不況、中越地震、都市と地方の二極化、そして311の東日本大震災の発生にもかかわらず、北川と越後妻有トリエンナーレが活力を失わずに努力を続けてきたということである。この努力の継続は、場所づくりや場所のアイデンティティに根付いた社会的発展とアートによる実践が結びついていることに依っている。西洋のアーティストたちから、ますますこのトリエンナーレに注目があつまるようになっている。そのため、北川の考えるような規模の場所でということであれば、世界の別のどこかで実践される変革的アートのモデルとして越後妻有が機能することになるだろう。陶芸や社会実践的インスタレーションを製作するアメリカのアーティストであるスイースター・ゲイツは、アーティストはただ作品を作る以上のことをすべきだと主張する。越後妻有のようなアートのモデルは、この彼の考えに連なるような作品を生み出しうるだろう。われわれはゲイツの主張するように、「モノをつくるモノをつくる」べきである。つまり、われわれは文化を変革すべきなのである。 This article is in Japanese.


Author(s):  
Hans J. Lundager Jensen

On the basis of examples of attitudes towards foreigners in the Old Testament, the internal tension between a tendency to eliminate the differences between Israel and foreigners and an insistence on maintaining the fundamental distance between Israel and foreigners, even in eschatological perspective, is presented. The a priori assumption of the Israelitic understanding of themselves is not a differentiation between nature and culture (between non-human and the human), but between the human in general and the specifically Israelitic. This difference cannot be transgressed without the break-down of the Israelitic system. Identity is understood here as establishing differences. But the dialectic between the Old Testament beginnings which are negated by the history of Israel, continues in the New Testament which negates the history of Israel and yet which allows the Old Testament to remain as an equal part of the canon. The practical universalism (modernism) of the Western world and the eradication of ethnic differences is thereby partly anticipated as a problematic in the Christian canon and partly given an important corrective.


CERNE ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-372
Author(s):  
Beatriz Christo Gobbi ◽  
Mozar José de Brito ◽  
Valéria da Glória Pereira Brito

This article aims to study the environmental strategies of a forest-based, cellulose pulp-producing organization by employing strategic theory as social practice and interpretative, descriptive research methods. The analyses of the results show that the studied organization has sought to develop environmental strategies characterized by eco-efficient practices, the mitigation of harmful socio-environmental impacts and the creation of a responsible socio-environmental work ethic.


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