scholarly journals The Case for Campaign Analysis: A Method for Studying Military Operations

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 44-83
Author(s):  
Rachel Tecott ◽  
Andrew Halterman
Keyword(s):  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Model Construction ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Scenario Development ◽  
Input Distribution ◽  
The North ◽  
Question Selection ◽  
Parameter Values

Abstract Military operations lie at the center of international relations theory and practice. Although security studies scholars have used campaign analysis to study military operations for decades, the method has not been formally defined or standardized, and there is little methodological guidance available for scholars interested in conducting or evaluating it. Campaign analysis is a method involving the use of a model and techniques for managing uncertainty to answer questions about military operations. The method comprises six steps: (1) question selection, (2) scenario development, (3) model construction, (4) value assignment, (5) sensitivity analysis, and (6) interpretation and presentation of results. The models that scholars develop to direct analysis are significant intellectual contributions in their own right, and can be adapted by other scholars and practitioners to guide additional analyses. Careful model construction can clarify, but does not obviate, the uncertainty of conflict. To manage uncertainty in parameter values, scholars can use the “input distribution approach” to propagate uncertainty in inputs through to a model's output. Replications and extensions of Wu Riqiang's 2020 analysis of Chinese nuclear survivability and Barry Posen's 1991 analysis of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's prospects against the Warsaw Pact illustrate the six steps of campaign analysis, the value of transparent models and the input distribution approach, and the potential of campaign analysis to contribute to policy and theory.

Military Operations on the North Front of Mount Taurus. IV.—The Campaigns of 319 and 320 B.C

1923 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Mitchell Ramsay
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Great Length ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
The West ◽  
Full Account ◽  
The Road ◽  
The North

In a footnote in J.H.S. 1918, p. 144, I stated the view that the battle (319 B.C.) in which Antigonus defeated Alketas and the associated generals took place in the αὐλὼν which leads from the N.E. corner of the Limnai towards Pisidian Antioch, carrying the southern or Pisidian road across Asia Minor eastward. This important route, regarded as a highway from the west coast to the Cilician Gates, is a recent discovery, though parts of it have been often described and traversed. In J.H.S. 1920, p. 89 f., I have argued that it was the road by which Xerxes' great army marched from Kritalla to Kelainai.There are two authorities on whom we depend for details of the battle of 319 B.C., Polyaenus Strat. 4, 6, 7 and Diodorus 18, 44; but both of these gather all their information from that excellent military writer Hieronymus of Cardia, the friend and historian of Eumenes. Polyaenus tells the story with soldierly brevity, relating only the chief military features: Diodorus diffusely and at great length; but so that we can recognise Hieronymus behind and beneath, and restore the full account as given by that writer.

scholarly journals Modelling the flow of nitrogen and phosphorus in Europe: from loads to coastal seas

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. W. Beusen ◽  
O. Klepper ◽  
C. R. Meinardi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
The North ◽  
Surface Water Flow ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Parameter Values

A model is described that aims at predicting surface water quality from N- and P-inputs on a European scale. The model combines a GIS-based approach to estimate loads, geohydrological data to define model structure and statistical techniques to estimate parameter values. The model starts with an inventory of sources of N and P: agriculture, wastewater and (for N) atmospheric deposition. Nitrogen flows are assumed to follow both surface- and groundwater flows, while for phosphorus only surface water flow is taken into account. A calibration of loss terms of N and P (assumed to be constants for the whole of Europe) by comparing total inputs to measured loads shows good agreement between observations and calculated river discharges. For the coastal seas of Europe concentrations are calculated by assuming conservative behaviour of N and P. Freshwater quality problems occur in western Europe with its intensive agriculture and high population density and locally in southern Europe where dilution is low due to low water discharge. In the marine environment the main problem areas are the Baltic and Black seas, with much lower impacts in the North and Adriatic Sea; in other coastal waters human impacts are essentially negligible.

Between willing and reluctant entrapment: CEE countries in NATO’s non-European missions

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Marton ◽  
Jan Eichler
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Security Dilemma ◽  
Foreign Missions ◽  
The North ◽  
Simple Set ◽  
Do So

The article focuses on Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries’ experiences related to Afghanistan, Iraq and Libya, three non-European theatres of Western military operations, in predominantly Muslim lands, in the decade between 2001 and 2011. CEE countries readily became involved in two of these foreign missions (Afghanistan and Iraq) because of their deep ties to Western politico-economic structures, without direct security interests compelling them to do so, but not without normative convictions regarding what were seen by them as virtues of the two missions. In Libya, however, they were reluctant to join the Western intervention. In light of this, the article is interested in examining how political elites within the region relate to the generally constrained security policy agency that they have. A key argument advanced is that such agency may be located in how external hegemony is mediated in elite discourses of threat and legitimacy construction. This as well as the three case studies outlined in the article show that the seeming changes in CEE countries’ behaviour in fact boil down to a simple set of rules guiding their behaviour. Having identified this “algorithm” as an implicit pattern of CEE foreign policy behaviour, originating in the intra-alliance security dilemma within the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the article formulates its conclusions about the alliance policy of these countries largely within a neorealist framework.

The Northwest Coast

Anthropology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie H. Tepper
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Northwest Coast ◽  
European Contact ◽  
The North

The distinctive culture of the Indigenous populations on the Northwest Coast (NWC) and their colonial history—from European contact in the 17th century to contemporary issues of land claims and reconciliation—have helped to frame many of the themes and models of ethnographic theory and practice, particularly in American anthropology. The NWC is often defined as the geographic area stretching from Alaska to California. For the purposes of this bibliography, the study area is limited to what is sometimes called the “North Pacific Coast,” which begins at the southern border of Alaska, continues down the coastline of British Columbia (BC), and ends in northern Washington State. Its rocky coastline is broken up by deep fjords and offshore islands, including Vancouver Island in the south and Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands) in the north. Several major river systems provide access to the BC interior through the mountainous Cascade Range. Though local resources vary along the coast, almost all the Indigenous groups followed a similar seasonal cycle of fishing, hunting, and gathering from spring to fall. The winter months were dedicated to the manufacture of material culture, social feasting, and ceremonial gatherings. Large oceangoing canoes and smaller river crafts linked well-established villages into an extensive series of trade routes. Walking trails over the mountains allowed the exchange of seafood and other coastal products for animal skins and goods from interior forests. Warfare brought additional wealth to the victor by means of raiding stored foods and manufactured items. European contact began in the late 18th century with the arrival of Spanish and British explorers. They were followed by English, American, and Russian fur traders. The discovery of gold along the Fraser River in 1858, and later finds in the Cariboo Mountains, brought tens of thousands of American, British, and other immigrants to the area. British sovereignty over the area north of the 49th parallel was quickly reinforced by the Royal Navy and an expanded colonial administration. In 1871 the province of British Columbia joined the Canadian Confederation and NWC Indigenous communities came under the control of the federal Indian Act. This act is still in force.

Japan's Position before the Outbreak of the European War in September 1939

1980 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-143
Author(s):  
Kyozo Sato
Keyword(s):  
North China ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Pacific War ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
World War ◽  
War Of Attrition ◽  
The North ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Second World ◽  
Made In

In the years leading up to the outbreak of war in Europe in early September 1939 Japan had been busy tackling the commitments she had made in North China at first and then in the whole of China. Although war was not declared, Japan had been at war with China since July 1937. It was a war of attrition; both Japan and China claimed to be winning, yet neither could, on any occasion, see any prospect of a final and definite victory. So long as Japan's military operations were confined to the area of North China, the war was named the ‘North China Incident.’ It was called the ‘China Incident’ after her successive and more or less successful operations had spread to Central and South China. And when a war broke out in the Pacific in December 1941 the Sino-Japanese war became an inseparable part of the ‘Greater East Asia War’ (Dai-tōa sensō), a name rarely heard by now, since it soon gave way to the ‘Pacific War’ (Taiheiyō sensō) in the sense of Japan waging the war of the Ocean, or to the ‘Second World War’ in the global sense.

Trans- Bodies in/of War(s): Cisprivilege and Contemporary Security Strategy

2012 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura J. Shepherd ◽  
Laura Sjoberg
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Security Studies ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Power Structures ◽  
Security Strategy ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Transgendered People ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
War And Conflict ◽  
Historical Accounts

This article explores a gendered dimension of war and conflict analysis that has up until now received little attention at the intersection of gender studies and studies of global politics: queer bodies in, and genderqueer significations of, war and conflict. In doing so, the article introduces the concept of cisprivilege to International Relations as a discipline and security studies as a core sub-field. Cisprivilege is an important, but under-explored, element of the constitution of gender and conflict. Whether it be in controversial reactions to the suggestion of United Nations Special Rapporteur Martin Scheinin that airport screenings for terrorists not discriminate against transgendered people, or in structural violence that is ever-present in the daily lives of many individuals seeking to navigate the heterosexist and cissexist power structures of social and political life, war and conflict is embodied and reifies cissexism. This article makes two inter-related arguments: first, that both the invisibility of genderqueer bodies in historical accounts of warfare and the visibility of genderqueer bodies in contemporary security strategy are forms of discursive violence; and second, that these violences have specific performative functions that can and should be interrogated. After constructing these core arguments, the article explores some of the potential benefits of an interdisciplinary research agenda that moves towards the theorisation of cisprivilege in security theory and practice.

scholarly journals The Essence of Cross-Domain Deterrence

2020 ◽  
pp. 129-158
Author(s):  
Tim Sweijs ◽  
Samuel Zilincik
Keyword(s):  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Grey Zone ◽  
New Wave ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
Cross Domain ◽  
Multiple Domains ◽  
The Military

AbstractBoth deterrence theory and deterrence practice are evolving to address contemporary strategic challenges. In the military domain, states progressively integrate and synchronise military operations. Outside of it, they exploit grey zone strategies that combine different instruments of influence across multiple domains. These developments are now giving birth to a new wave of thinking about cross domain deterrence (CDD), what it precisely entails, and what favouring conditions are necessary for it to be effective. This chapter situates CDD in the context of today’s challenges, and identifies the prerequisites for these favouring conditions based on a review of a rather diverse body of literature. It finds that one strand of that literature predominantly focuses on practical and technical prerequisites in order for CDD to be effective, leaving the framework of traditional deterrence theory intact. It also finds a second strand that holds that the nature of today’s challenges requires more than mere innovation in application. The ideas about deterrence proposed by this second strand are expanding on common understandings of deterrence to the extent that deterrence is no longer only about fear nor about convincing opponents to refrain from certain behaviour. The conclusion summarises the findings and elaborates their implications for theory and practice.

scholarly journals FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE SOVEREIGN DEVELOPMENT AND INVESTMENT FUND (SDIF), BETWEEN THEORY AND PRACTICE

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Cristian PARASCHIV ◽  
◽  
Cosmin TILEAGĂ ◽  
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Investment Fund ◽  
Development Fund ◽  
The North ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
European Projects ◽  
Additional Income

Theoretically and virtually, the investment and development fund projects and their activity prove to be sustainable in the long run, for example in Norway, where the additional income from the exploitation of natural resources in the North Sea is accumulated in an investment and development fund. In this case, it is about a revenue surplus that has been estimated to be accumulated and multiplied. The project to establish a sovereign investment fund in Romania, which is based on an initially subscribed share capital, mainly constituted by contribution in kind, that is from participations held by the Romanian State in certain companies, underlines both theoretically and virtually, major differences compared to the Norwegian model and even to other European projects developed in this area.

scholarly journals Constructive and geographical basis of the viticulture development in the North-Eastern foreststeppe region of Ukraine

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Study Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Commercial Cultivation ◽  
Steppe Region ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Individual

The article is devoted to constructive-geographical research of the bases of viticulture development in the North-Eastern foreststeppe region of Ukraine by conducting microclimatic and phenological observations, disclosing and substantiating their role in practical activities. The constructive and geographical approach has been used for solving the problem of distribution and commercial cultivation of grapes in Ukraine. This approach forms an important basis for the theory and practice of cultivation areas expansion of heat-loving crops, in particular grapes, atypical for the forest-steppe region. The paper reveals features of natural conditions of the North-Eastern forest-steppe region of Ukraine. Based on years of meteorological and phenological observations the possibility to develop viticulture in these conditions has been proved. Using the long-term observations data of the influence of the agrometeorological conditions on the course of the growing season and quality of grapes produces positive results. For the first time influence of weather types and microclimate characteristics of weather in the forest-steppe region on the individual phases of grapes development have been shown. New approaches have been applied to the study of grapes development phases and distribution of the sum of temperatures for each phase particularly. Ways of science-based weather and climate events forecasting have been improved in grapes cultivation and the importance of this when planning harvests. The author developed a forecast variation, projecting recommendations for the successful development of viticulture in Ukraine. The main results of phenological observations have been summarized; their combination with instrumental made it possible to study the processes of heat transfer during the growing season from early phases in stones development of such plants as apricot and cherry, which are the plants-indicators in the study region. The algorithm for determining yield of grapes in the North-Eastern forest-steppe region of Ukraine has been proposed. Forecast variations, projecting recommendations for the successful development of viticulture as well as general recommendations on cultivating this culture in the region have been developed.

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