scholarly journals Rethinking the Psychology of Leadership: From Personal Identity to Social Identity

Daedalus ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (3) ◽  
pp. 21-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Alexander Haslam ◽  
Stephen D. Reicher
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Leaders And Followers ◽  
The World ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Influence Process ◽  
Collective Goals ◽  
Social Identity Approach

Leadership is an influence process that centers on group members being motivated to reach collective goals. As such, it is ultimately proven by followership. Yet this is something that classical and contemporary approaches struggle to explain as a result of their focus on the qualities and characteristics of leaders as individuals in the abstract. To address this problem, we outline a social identity approach that explains leadership as a process grounded in an internalized sense of shared group membership that leaders create, represent, advance, and embed. This binds leaders and followers to each other and is a basis for mutual influence and focused effort. By producing qualitative transformation in the psychology of leaders and followers it also produces collective power that allows them to coproduce transformation in the world. The form that this takes then depends on the model and content of the identity around which the group is united.

scholarly journals In Praise of Irrationality: Self, "East" and "West" in Greek Teachers' Speeches on National Day Commemorations

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucianna Benincasa
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
The West ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Social Creativity ◽  
East And West

In this qualitative study of school discourse on national day commemorations, focus is on the "social creativity strategies" through which group members can improve their social identity. Discourse analysis was carried out on thirty-nine teachers' speeches delivered in Greek schools between 1998 and 2004. The speakers scorn rationality and logic, stereotypically attributed to "the West" (a "West" which is perceived not to include Greece), as cold and not human. The Greeks' successful national struggles are presented instead as the result of irrationality. They claim irrationality to be the most human and thus the most valuable quality, which places Greece first in the world hierarchy. The results are further discussed in terms of their implications for learning and teaching in the classroom, as well as for policy and research.

scholarly journals Preference for hierarchy is associated with reduced empathy and increased counter-empathy towards others, especially out-group targets

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sa-kiera Tiarra Jolynn Hudson ◽  
Mina Cikara ◽  
Jim Sidanius
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Group Setting ◽  
Group Boundaries ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Prejudicial Attitudes ◽  
Status Differences

The capacity to empathize with others facilitates prosocial behavior. People’s willingness and capacity to empathize, however, is often contingent upon the target’s group membership – people are less empathic towards those they categorize as out-group members. In competitive or threatening intergroup contexts, people may even feel pleasure (counter-empathy) in response to out-group members’ misfortunes. Social dominance orientation (SDO), or the extent to which people prefer and promote group-based inequalities, is an ideological variable that is associated with a competitive view of the world, increased prejudicial attitudes, and decreased empathy. Thus, higher levels of SDO should be associated with reduced empathy and increased counter-empathy in general, but especially towards those whose subjugation maintains group inequalities. Across three studies we show that among White individuals, higher SDO levels are associated with less empathy, and more counter-empathy in response to others’ good and bad fortunes. More importantly, these reductions in empathy and increases in schadenfreude as a function of SDO were significantly stronger for Asian and Black targets than for in-group White targets when group boundaries were made salient prior to the empathy ratings. Finally, in a fourth study we show that this phenomenon is not dependent upon a history of status differences: higher SDO scores were associated with decreased empathy and increased counter-empathy for competitive out-group (relative to in-group) targets in a novel group setting. We discuss implications of these effects for hierarchy maintenance.

scholarly journals The Poetic World of Taras Shevchenko: Principles of Artistic Thinking (to the 200th Anniversary of the Kobzar)

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Stepan Khorob
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
World View ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
200Th Anniversary ◽  
Underlying Principle ◽  
The World ◽  
Life Circumstances ◽  
Artistic Genius ◽  
Poetic Imagery

The article deals with the three aspects of Taras Shevchenko’s artistic genius – creativementality, dualistic world view and poetic imagery. The poet’s psychological identitypredetermined a unique combination of conceptual, philosophical and aesthetic elements in hisworks.The analysis of Shevchenko’s poetic works, his ‘Kobzar’ collection in particular, reveals theprocess of merging ‘personal identity’ with ‘social identity’. At the very beginning of his creativecareer, the two principles developed independently – from outer macroworld and innermicroworld; Shevchenko’s mature works offer evidence of their natural synthesis responsible forthe phenomenon of his poetic genius. The analysis of Shevchenko’s shorter poems and his heroicpoem ‘Haidamaky’ shows that dualism is the underlying principle of his poetry: Shevchenko’s‘social identity’ is presented in terms of mythological consciousness, his ‘personal identity’ (owingto life circumstances), in terms of existential philosophy.The analysis of Shevchenko’s artistic mentality, philosophical, mythological, existential, andaesthetic concepts adds to our understanding of the unique world of the great Ukrainian poet. Hispoetry reflects his own knowledge of the world; at the same time, it represents this world in all thecomplexity of national and universal phenomena; Shevchenko could only become a great worldwriter by becoming a great Ukrainian writer

Differentiation from the ideological out-group as reference for the in-group’s emotions in conflict

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Elad Strenger ◽  
Amit Goldenberg ◽  
Tamar Saguy ◽  
Eran Halperin
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Group Norms ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Social Identity Approach ◽  
Shape Group

How does the competitive relation between ideological groups shape group members’ emotional responses to their shared political reality? Inspired by the social identity approach, we propose that ideological in-group members adjust their emotional responses to political stimuli based on the perceived emotional response of their ideological out-group, accentuating differentiation between the groups. Results of Studies 1 and 2 (pre-registered), conducted in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, indicate that Jewish-Israeli leftists and rightists are more content when their ideological out-group’s emotional response to conflict-related stimuli is consistent (vs. inconsistent) with their in-group norms, yet shift their own emotions away from the presumed emotions of their ideological out-group. This effect was not moderated by participants’ self-reported desire for intergroup distinctiveness, suggesting that re-establishment of intergroup differentiation may occur automatically. Our findings indicate that differentiation from the internal ideological rival serves as reference for individuals’ emotions towards the external rival in conflict.

scholarly journals A Social Clinical Perspective on Perfectionism in Disordered Eating Behaviour

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayoub Bouguettaya
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Disordered Eating ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Socially Prescribed Perfectionism ◽  
Social Identity Approach

ABSTRACTAll over Australia, disordered eating rates are increasing. Decades of research have indicated that perfectionism is a key risk factor for disordered eating behaviour. While there remains some debate about the specific facets of perfectionism, there is general agreement that perfectionism can be delineated based on the perceived source: self-oriented perfectionism (i.e., “I must be perfect”) and socially prescribed perfectionism (i.e., “They require me to be perfect”). Conceptually, this overlaps with social psychology. Specifically, this mirrors traditional social identity approaches of how individuals integrate personal identity content with social identity content. However, to date no research has used a social psychological approach to understand how perfectionism comes about, how it may lead to disordered eating behaviour, and thereby imply how social psychology could aid in therapeutic approaches to reduce perfectionism. In this thesis, I argue that self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism are analogous to personal identity content and social identity content. Across five papers, I present evidence for this social identity approach to perfectionism in disordered eating. Firstly, I present the Consolidated Perfectionism Model to explain how self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism can be considered from a social identity perspective, integrating cross cultural, clinical, and sociocultural perspectives on perfectionism in disordered eating. Secondly, I present qualitative evidence suggesting that self-oriented perfectionism is absorbed through intrapersonal factors, and socially prescribed perfectionism is in fact a self-control norm transmitted through “fat talk.” Third, through two correlational studies, we find that perfectionism pressure does appear to relate to thin ideal beliefs, but in another study, low self-control was related to disordered eating above body dissatisfaction. Fourthly, I present data that suggests socially prescribed perfectionism relates to disordered eating through negative urgency (a facet of self-control), indicating that disordered eating behaviour is driven by a negative reaction to socially prescribed perfectionism norms present within the immediate social environment. Fifth and finally, I present evidence that we can reduce socially prescribed perfectionism by manipulating the context of health messages to counter perfectionism. We conclude by discussing how this new perspective can add to therapies designed to reduce perfectionism. This thesis adds to social psychological theory by further presenting evidence that the social identity approach has utility in changing toxic group-based beliefs. However, it also has implications for clinical psychology, by presenting evidence that the use of explicit social psychological frameworks may add to traditional clinicalapproaches. Overall, this thesis presents strong evidence for the use of social psychology approaches to clinical disorders, especially in disordered eating.

scholarly journals DALIA MOGAHED’S IDENTITY AS REFLECTED IN TED TALKS VIDEO

PARADIGM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-90
Author(s):  
Zaenul Kurniawan Syahid
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
The World ◽  
Speech Performance ◽  
Ted Talks ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

This study discussed the identity of Dalia Mogahed reflected through speech in an event called TED Talks. It is a big program have been featured great people around the world including Dalia Mogahed from various backgrounds to spread ideas. Her 2016 TED Talks entitled "What it's Like to be Muslim in America" was named one of the top TED Talks that year. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method as a research design since the purpose of the study is to provides a deep analysis of the data. The data collected through the transcription which is provided on the TED Talks official website. The finding revealed that Dalia Mogahed projected her social identity more dominant than role identity. There was no indication of the utterances that proved the characteristics of her personal identity. Therefore, the fluidity of identity was also shared by Mogahed in that situation to convince that identity was not fixed. It is highly recommended for further researchers who are interested in investigating the personal identity projection to follow up the findings of this research by concerning on finding someone’s personal identity in term of speech performance.

Group Norms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanne R. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Group Norms ◽  
Shared Identity ◽  
Behavior Change Interventions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Member ◽  
Social Identity Approach

As social animals, humans are strongly influenced by the opinions and actions of those around them. Group norms are the expectations and behaviors associated with a social group, such as a nationality, an organization, or a sports team. Group norms can emerge during group interaction as group members are exposed to the opinions, or observe the actions, of fellow group members. Group norms can also emerge by comparing the attitudes and actions of the group with other groups. Leaders can also influence what is seen to be acceptable behaviors for group members to exhibit. One of the most dominant approaches to the study of group norms is the social identity approach. The social identity approach proposes that belonging to a social group provides individuals with a definition of who one is, and a description and prescription of what is involved in being a group member. A large body of research has confirmed the power of group norms to determine the form and direction of group members’ attitudes and actions, particularly those individuals strongly attached to the group, across many behavioral domains. In thinking about group norms, it is important to recognize that norms have both prescriptive (i.e., what should be done) and descriptive (i.e., what is done) elements. Research has found that group norms are most influential when aligned, but that misaligned or conflicting norms—either within the group or across multiple groups to which an individual belongs—can be particularly harmful in terms of engagement in a desired behavior. It is critical to appreciate and understand these complexities to be able to change group norms and, therefore, group members’ actions. The insight that group norms are powerful determinants of behavior has been incorporated into behavior change interventions, including so-called “nudge” interventions. However, norms-based campaigns are not always successful, and can even lead to backlash effects, often because change agents have failed to consider identity-related processes, such as the role of leaders, the source of the influence attempt, and threats arising from attempts to change one’s group. Shared identity is a key mechanism through which people internalize (new) understandings of what it means to be a group member into the self-concept, and understanding these processes may lead to more enduring change in underlying motives, beliefs, and behavior.

Culture, Brain Transplants and Implicit Theories of Identity

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 453-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramaswami Mahalingam ◽  
Joel Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Identity ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Implicit Theories ◽  
The Social ◽  
Brain Transplant

AbstractUsing a brain transplant paradigm (BT), we examined the role of culture and status (privileged group membership) on beliefs about social and personal identity among Indians (Brahmins and Dalits, N = 202) and American participants (N = 114). Participants were presented a vignette about a hypothetical BT between members of two different ethnic groups and asked the following two questions: (a) whether a BT would change how the recipient would act; (b) whether the BT would change the social identity of the recipient. Americans believed that the BT recipient would act as the ethnicity of the donor. By contrast, Brahmin participants believed that a Brahmin recipient of a Dalit (formerly treated as "untouchables") brain would act like a Dalit but a Dalit who received a BT from a Brahmin would not act like a Brahmin. Both Americans and Indians believed that the social identity (the caste, race or ethnic identity) of a person would not be changed by a brain transplant. The role of culture and social status in affecting various implicit theories of identities are discussed.

A World View of Bioculturally Modified Teeth

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
World View ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject

The subject of this volume is intentional dental modification—changing the human appearance by removing teeth, or otherwise altering their shape, surface, or color. It has been practiced, in one form or another, on every occupied continent at some point over the past 16,000 years. The contributions in this volume encompass a diverse body of work on the subject over this timespan, from Africa, Europe, the Americas, Australia, Oceania, and Asia. As a highly visible practice, dental modification may be used to send complex messages concerning a variety of topics, including status, personal identity, and group membership. But beyond this, the difficulties in identifying purposefully modified teeth, the motivations for and biocultural consequences of the practice, and even the social context in which it still occurs today are presented. As a body of work, the aim is to capture a representative spectrum of dental modification around the world, and the variety of ways in which it can inform us about the humans occupying those regions, both past and present.

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