Differentiation from the ideological out-group as reference for the in-group’s emotions in conflict

How does the competitive relation between ideological groups shape group members’ emotional responses to their shared political reality? Inspired by the social identity approach, we propose that ideological in-group members adjust their emotional responses to political stimuli based on the perceived emotional response of their ideological out-group, accentuating differentiation between the groups. Results of Studies 1 and 2 (pre-registered), conducted in the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, indicate that Jewish-Israeli leftists and rightists are more content when their ideological out-group’s emotional response to conflict-related stimuli is consistent (vs. inconsistent) with their in-group norms, yet shift their own emotions away from the presumed emotions of their ideological out-group. This effect was not moderated by participants’ self-reported desire for intergroup distinctiveness, suggesting that re-establishment of intergroup differentiation may occur automatically. Our findings indicate that differentiation from the internal ideological rival serves as reference for individuals’ emotions towards the external rival in conflict.

Be Afraid, Be Very Afraid! Motivated Intergroup Emotion Regulation

Group-based emotions can shape group members’ behaviors and intergroup relations. Therefore, we propose that people may try to regulate emotions of outgroup members to attain ingroup goals. We call this phenomenon “motivated intergroup emotion regulation.” In four studies, conducted in both hypothetical and real-world contexts, we show that deterrence and reconciliation goals influence how fearful or calm people want outgroup members to feel, respectively. We further show that such motivated intergroup emotion regulation can guide behavior toward the outgroup, influencing how outgroup members feel (Studies 1, 2, and 4) and behave (Study 4). We demonstrate how affiliation with the ingroup, which renders ingroup goals more salient, shapes what ingroup members want outgroup members to feel (Studies 3 and 4) and subsequently how outgroup members feel and behave (Study 4). Finally, we discuss how motivated intergroup emotion regulation might contribute to understanding motivation in emotion regulation, group-based emotions, and intergroup relations.

Coping with strangers: how familiarity and active interactions shape group coordination in Corydoras aeneus

Social groups composed of familiar individuals exhibit better coordination than unfamiliar groups; however, the ways familiarity contributes to coordination are poorly understood. Prior social experience probably allows individuals to learn the tendencies of familiar group-mates and respond accordingly. Without prior experience, individuals would benefit from strategies for enhancing coordination with unfamiliar others. We used a social catfish, Corydoras aeneus , that uses discrete, observable tactile interactions to assess whether active interactions could facilitate coordination, and how their role might be mediated by familiarity. We describe this previously understudied physical interaction, ‘nudges’, and show it to be associated with group coordination and cohesion. Furthermore, we investigated nudging and coordination in familiar/unfamiliar pairs. In all pairs, we found that nudging rates were higher during coordinated movements than when fish were together but not coordinating. We observed no familiarity-based difference in coordination or cohesion. Instead, unfamiliar pairs exhibited significantly higher nudging rates, suggesting that unfamiliar pairs may be able to compensate for unfamiliarity through increased nudging. By contrast, familiar individuals coordinated with comparatively little nudging. Second, we analysed nudging and cohesion within triplets of two familiar and one unfamiliar individual (where familiar individuals had a choice of partner). Although all individuals nudged at similar rates, the unfamiliar group-mate was less cohesive than its familiar group-mates and spent more time alone. Unfamiliar individuals that nudged their group-mates more frequently exhibited higher cohesion, indicating that nudging may facilitate cohesion for the unfamiliar group-mate. Overall, our results suggest that nudges can mitigate unfamiliarity, but that their usage is reduced in the case of familiar individuals, implying a cost is associated with the behaviour.

Comparison of apically extruded debris of different nickel titanium instruments

Background and objective: During root canal instrumentation irrigants, necroticpulp tissue, microorganism and dentin debris may be extruded beyond the apexinto the periradicular tissue. These extrusions may cause flare-up. The purpose ofthis study was to compare the amount of apically extruded debris with three rotaryNickel titanium instruments.Methods: Sixty single rooted, single canalled premolars were selected. The rootswere divided randomly into three groups; (n = 10) according to the type ofinstrumentation system used, group 1“ProTaper Next” system, group 2 “OneShape” system and group 3 “Mani Silk” system. The Debris extruded during theinstrumentation was collected and dried in preweighed vials and the amount ofextruded debris was assessed with an electronic balance.Result: results showed that the Mani silk system extruded significantly less debristhan the ProTaper Next and One shape systems (P < .05), and there is nosignificant difference in apically extruded debris between ProTaper Next groupand One Shape group but the One Shape produced more debris than ProTaperNext.Conclusion: the Mani silk file instrument was behaved well during instrumentationand extruded less debris than the other groups.

Comparison of Dentinal Defects induced by Hand Files, Multiple, and Single Rotary Files: A Stereomicroscopic Study

ABSTRACT Aim This study was carried out to compare the dentinal defects induced by single rotary file system, multiple rotary file system, and hand files. Materials and methods Sixty single-rooted premolars were selected based on predetermined criteria. They were divided into three groups: Group I (hand K files), group II (Hero Shaper), and group III (One Shape). Biomechanical preparation was carried out as per the manufacturer's instructions. Each specimen was sectioned horizontally and divided into apical, middle, and coronal sections. These sections were visualized under stereomicroscope to evaluate the dentinal defects using predetermined criteria. Results Roots prepared with Hero Shaper showed more number of defects than One Shape, whereas in roots prepared with hand files lowest percentage of dentinal defects were present. There was statistically significant difference between the Hero Shaper group and the One Shape group (p < 0.05). Conclusion All rotary files induce defects in root dentin, whereas the hand instruments induce minimal defects. Clinical significance With single rotary file system, preparation time is reduced and it is easier for patients to accept the treatment. Moreover, the potential of root fracture is reduced. How to cite this article Jain A, Bhadoria K, Choudhary B, Patidar N. Comparison of Dentinal Defects induced by Hand Files, Multiple, and Single Rotary Files: A Stereomicroscopic Study. World J Dent 2017;8(1):45-48.