scholarly journals COVID-19 Transmission Dynamics: A Space-and-Time Approach

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Marta Moniz ◽  
Patrícia Soares ◽  
Carla Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Weekly Basis ◽  
The North ◽  
Critical Areas ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Tagus Valley ◽  
Over Time

<b><i>Background:</i></b> At the end of January 2021, Portugal had over 700,000 confirmed COVID-19 cases. The burden of COVID-19 varies between and within countries due to differences in contextual and individual factors, transmission rates, and clinical and public health interventions. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> To identify high-risk areas, between April and October, on a weekly basis and at the municipality level, and to assess the temporal evolution of COVID-19, considering municipalities classified by incidence levels. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This is an ecological study following a 3-step approach, i.e., (1) calculation of the relative risk (RR) of the number of new confirmed COVID-19 cases, weekly, per municipality, using a spatial scan analysis; (2) classification of the municipalities according to the European Centre for Disease Control incidence categorization on November 19; and (3) characterization of RR temporal evolution by incidence groups. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Between April and October, the mean RR was 0.53, with a SD of 1.44, varying between 0 and 46.4. Globally, the north and Lisbon and Tagus Valley (LVT) area were the regions with the highest number of municipalities with a RR above 3.2. In April and beginning of May, most of the municipalities with an RR above 3.2 were from the north, while between May and August most municipalities with an RR above 3.2 were from LVT area. Comparing the incidence in November and retrospectively analyzing the RR showed the huge variation, with municipalities with an RR of 0 at a certain time classified as extremely high in November. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Our results showed considerable variation in RR over time and space, with no consistent “better” or “worst” municipality. In addition to the several factors that influence COVID-19 transmission dynamics, there were some outbreaks over time and throughout the country and this may contribute to explaining the observed variation. Over time, on a weekly basis, it is important to identify critical areas allowing tailored and timely interventions in order to control outbreaks in early stages.

scholarly journals A preliminary catalogue of Hikurangi, New Zealand, Slow Slip Earthquakes, from January 2000 to February 2014

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
B. Peter Baxter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Processing Route ◽  
Slow Slip ◽  
Slow Slip Events ◽  
Slip Rates ◽  
The North ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Significant Step

<p>This thesis documents processing carried out on cGPS data from 115 sites in the North Island and the top of the South Island of New Zealand in order to produce a catalogue of slow slip events (SSEs) for the Hikurangi Margin covering the period Jan 2000 to Feb 2014. It covers the background to the concept of SSEs and the reporting to date on their occurrence along the Margin, the methods used in the processing and analysis, the results of each significant step, and discussion of the results.  It has been shown that the processing route adopted in this work has reduced the average noise levels in the cGPS data by up to 67%, and has eliminated virtually all correlated (“pink”) noise, thus enabling the detection of small-amplitude events (~ 2mm in cGPS signals).  One hundred and fifty events are catalogued in total, of which 137 are considered likely to be SSEs or similar. The catalogue includes estimates of the uncertainty in each parameter and is thus considered the most comprehensive to date. Sixteen of the inversion results were able to be directly compared with published information and showed satisfactory agreement on location and equivalent moment magnitudes.  The important aspects of the project that have been developed further than has been documented to date in the literature include: partitioning of the secular velocity field over the margin to allow the underlying tectonic signal to be better understood; detailed characterization of the temporal evolution of the SSEs; the identification of approximately 40 events that show slips in the opposite direction to that expected; and some preliminary conclusions concerning event scaling.  One of the objectives of the project was to identify whether there were fundamental differences in the characteristics of SSEs in the northeast and southwest of the margin. On the basis of the analyses to date, it appears that the events form a continuum, at least in terms of depth, temporal evolution, source slip rates and scaling, but in general terms the events in the southwest have been confirmed to be of longer duration than those in the northeast.  The project has identified further work that needs to be carried out or is ongoing in order to maximize the value of these new results.</p>

scholarly journals A preliminary catalogue of Hikurangi, New Zealand, Slow Slip Earthquakes, from January 2000 to February 2014

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
B. Peter Baxter
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Processing Route ◽  
Slow Slip ◽  
Slow Slip Events ◽  
Slip Rates ◽  
The North ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Significant Step

<p>This thesis documents processing carried out on cGPS data from 115 sites in the North Island and the top of the South Island of New Zealand in order to produce a catalogue of slow slip events (SSEs) for the Hikurangi Margin covering the period Jan 2000 to Feb 2014. It covers the background to the concept of SSEs and the reporting to date on their occurrence along the Margin, the methods used in the processing and analysis, the results of each significant step, and discussion of the results.  It has been shown that the processing route adopted in this work has reduced the average noise levels in the cGPS data by up to 67%, and has eliminated virtually all correlated (“pink”) noise, thus enabling the detection of small-amplitude events (~ 2mm in cGPS signals).  One hundred and fifty events are catalogued in total, of which 137 are considered likely to be SSEs or similar. The catalogue includes estimates of the uncertainty in each parameter and is thus considered the most comprehensive to date. Sixteen of the inversion results were able to be directly compared with published information and showed satisfactory agreement on location and equivalent moment magnitudes.  The important aspects of the project that have been developed further than has been documented to date in the literature include: partitioning of the secular velocity field over the margin to allow the underlying tectonic signal to be better understood; detailed characterization of the temporal evolution of the SSEs; the identification of approximately 40 events that show slips in the opposite direction to that expected; and some preliminary conclusions concerning event scaling.  One of the objectives of the project was to identify whether there were fundamental differences in the characteristics of SSEs in the northeast and southwest of the margin. On the basis of the analyses to date, it appears that the events form a continuum, at least in terms of depth, temporal evolution, source slip rates and scaling, but in general terms the events in the southwest have been confirmed to be of longer duration than those in the northeast.  The project has identified further work that needs to be carried out or is ongoing in order to maximize the value of these new results.</p>

scholarly journals Peripheral urbanization: Autoconstruction, transversal logics, and politics in cities of the global south

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa PR Caldeira
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Global South ◽  
Production Of Space ◽  
Urban Theory ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

Many cities around the world have been largely constructed by their residents, who build not only their own houses, but also frequently their neighborhoods. In this article, I use the notion of peripheral urbanization to analyze this way of producing cities that is quite pervasive in the global south. I argue that peripheral urbanization refers to modes of the production of space that (a) operate with a specific temporality and agency, (b) engage transversally with official logics, (c) generate new modes of politics, and (d) create highly unequal and heterogeneous cities. I also argue that peripheral urbanization not only produces heterogeneity within the city as it unfolds over time, but also varies considerably from one city to another. I build my arguments by juxtaposing dissimilar cases from a few cities in the global south. To focus on peripheral urbanization means simultaneously to de-center urban theory and to offer a bold characterization of modes of the production of space that are different from those that generated the cities of the North Atlantic.

Feature-based classification of European windstorms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Passow ◽  
Uwe Ulbrich ◽  
Henning Rust
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Internal Variability ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
The North ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
The North Atlantic

&lt;p&gt;Scientific work on European windstorms mainly focused on local damages, location (tracks), temporal evolution or the overall severity, often measured by severity indices of di erent de nitions. Each of the aforementioned windstorm properties is directly related to important characteristics within the windstorm itself, such as wind speed, duration, spatial extent or internal variability. Variation or changes within these characteristics are therefore defining aspects in the spatial and temporal evolution of windstorm. As a step towards a better understanding of such variations, we classify windstorms based on these characteristics using Quasi-Supervised K-Means clustering, a novel procedure that was specifically developed by us to cluster windstorm tracks based on a reference windstorm catalog. One of the resulting clusters, containing 300 out of more than 2000 storm tracks over the North Atlantic and Europe, includes the tracks of the 20 most severe storm events according to the XWS catalog. This cluster is further&lt;br&gt;examined to identify common characteristics of the large scale situations that determine the cluster characteristics.&lt;/p&gt;

Molecular Characterization of Novel Porcine Circovirus 3 (PCV3) in Pig Populations in the North of Vietnam

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Giap ◽  
Chung Hee Chun ◽  
Huynh Thi My Le ◽  
Cao Thi Bich Phuong ◽  
Vu Thi Ngoc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
The North ◽  
Porcine Circovirus 3

scholarly journals Clinical characterization of dysautonomia in long COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Barizien ◽  
Morgan Le Guen ◽  
Stéphanie Russel ◽  
Pauline Touche ◽  
Florent Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Models ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Physical Medicine ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
Index Changes ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
And Control ◽  
Testing Group ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIncreasing numbers of COVID-19 patients, continue to experience symptoms months after recovering from mild cases of COVID-19. Amongst these symptoms, several are related to neurological manifestations, including fatigue, anosmia, hypogeusia, headaches and hypoxia. However, the involvement of the autonomic nervous system, expressed by a dysautonomia, which can aggregate all these neurological symptoms has not been prominently reported. Here, we hypothesize that dysautonomia, could occur in secondary COVID-19 infection, also referred to as “long COVID” infection. 39 participants were included from December 2020 to January 2021 for assessment by the Department of physical medicine to enhance their physical capabilities: 12 participants with COVID-19 diagnosis and fatigue, 15 participants with COVID-19 diagnosis without fatigue and 12 control participants without COVID-19 diagnosis and without fatigue. Heart rate variability (HRV) during a change in position is commonly measured to diagnose autonomic dysregulation. In this cohort, to reflect HRV, parasympathetic/sympathetic balance was estimated using the NOL index, a multiparameter artificial intelligence-driven index calculated from extracted physiological signals by the PMD-200 pain monitoring system. Repeated-measures mixed-models testing group effect were performed to analyze NOL index changes over time between groups. A significant NOL index dissociation over time between long COVID-19 participants with fatigue and control participants was observed (p = 0.046). A trend towards significant NOL index dissociation over time was observed between long COVID-19 participants without fatigue and control participants (p = 0.109). No difference over time was observed between the two groups of long COVID-19 participants (p = 0.904). Long COVID-19 participants with fatigue may exhibit a dysautonomia characterized by dysregulation of the HRV, that is reflected by the NOL index measurements, compared to control participants. Dysautonomia may explain the persistent symptoms observed in long COVID-19 patients, such as fatigue and hypoxia. Trial registration: The study was approved by the Foch IRB: IRB00012437 (Approval Number: 20-12-02) on December 16, 2020.

scholarly journals Spatial clustering of drug-resistant tuberculosis in Hunan province, China: an ecological study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e043685
Author(s):  
Kefyalew Addis Alene ◽  
Zuhui Xu ◽  
Liqiong Bai ◽  
Hengzhong Yi ◽  
Yunhong Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Cumulative Incidence ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
The North ◽  
Resistant Tuberculosis ◽  
Over Time

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the spatial distribution of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) in Hunan province, China.MethodsAn ecological study was conducted using DR-TB data collected from the Tuberculosis Control Institute of Hunan Province between 2012 and 2018. Spatial clustering of DR-TB was explored using the Getis-Ord statistic. A Poisson regression model was fitted with a conditional autoregressive prior structure, and with posterior parameters estimated using a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation, to quantify associations with possible risk factors and identify clusters of high DR-TB risk.ResultsA total of 2649 DR-TB patients were reported to Hunan TB Control Institute between 2012 and 2018. The majority of the patients were male (74.8%, n=1983) and had a history of TB treatment (88.53%, n=2345). The proportion of extensively DR-TB among all DR-TB was 3.3% (95% CI 2.7% to 4.1%), which increased from 2.8% in 2012 to 4.4% in 2018. Of 1287 DR-TB patients with registered treatment outcomes, 434 (33.8%) were cured, 198 (15.3%) completed treatment, 92 (7.1%) died, 108 (8.3%) had treatment failure and 455 (35.3%) were lost to follow-up. Half (50.9%, n=655) had poor treatment outcomes. The annual cumulative incidence rate of notified DR-TB increased over time from 0.25 per 100 000 people in 2012 to 0.83 per 100 000 people in 2018. Substantial spatial heterogeneity was observed, and hotspots were detected in counties located in the North and East parts of Hunan province. The cumulative incidence of notified DR-TB was significantly associated with urban communities.ConclusionThe annual incidence of notified DR-TB increased over time in Hunan province. Spatial clustering of DR-TB was detected and significantly associated with urbanisation. This finding suggests that targeting interventions to the highest risk areas and population groups would be effective in reducing the burden and ongoing transmission of DR-TB.

scholarly journals Size-resolved characterization of organic aerosol in the North China Plain: new insights from high resolution spectral analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiqi Xu ◽  
Chun Chen ◽  
Yanmei Qiu ◽  
Conghui Xie ◽  
Yunle Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
The North ◽  
The Impact

Organic aerosol (OA), a large fraction of fine particles, has a large impact on climate radiative forcing and human health, and the impact depends strongly on size distributions. Here we...

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