Associations between Liver Enzyme Levels and Parameters of the Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Children

2017 ◽  
Vol 88 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane S. Hampe ◽  
Michele L. Shaffer ◽  
Christian L. Roth
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Liver Enzyme ◽  
Elevated Liver Enzyme ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Elevated Liver Enzymes

Background: Obesity is strongly associated with insulin resistance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and therefore risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is an increasing problem in youth. The potential role of elevated liver enzyme levels in this context needs to be further investigated. Methods: This paper provides a post hoc analysis of a cross-sectional study of 77 obese nondiabetic children (51% female; median age 11.7 years; BMI >97th percentile) enrolled at the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. Anthropometric parameters, lipid profiles, glycemic control, and liver enzyme levels were evaluated. Glucose and insulin levels were determined during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Gender- and age-specific cutoff values were used to assess MetS. Results: A high prevalence of hypertension (51%), dyslipidemia (52%), elevated liver enzyme levels (51%), and hyperglycemia (24%) was found. There was considerable overlap between the presence of different MetS risk factors in individuals, and 40% of the participants had ≥3 of a maximum of 5 MetS risk factors. Elevated liver enzyme levels were significantly associated with reduced insulin sensitivity, as the OGTT-insulin response was significantly higher in participants with elevated transaminases (p = 0.01). This association was independent of hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia (p = 0.03). Conclusions: We conclude that liver enzyme levels are related to insulin sensitivity in obese children and could therefore be an indirect indicator for MetS. Testing for disturbed glucose metabolism should be considered for obese children with elevated liver enzymes.

scholarly journals Dietary fibre, lente carbohydrates and the insulin-resistant diseases

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (S1) ◽  
pp. S157-S163 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. A. Jenkins ◽  
Mette Axelsen ◽  
Cyril W. C. Kendall ◽  
Livia S. A. Augustin ◽  
Vladimir Vuksan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Oxidized Ldl ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Clotting Factors ◽  
Soluble Fibre ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Several epidemiological studies link consumption of fibre-rich foods to a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes and CHD. The ‘fibre hypothesis’ suggested that this was a direct effect of fibre. However, fibre-rich foods contain different types of fibre as well as other potentially beneficial compounds, and many foods naturally high in fibre have low glycaemic and insulinaemic indices, possibly due to food form. The question therefore emerges as to the effect of isolated fibre per se on insulin sensitivity, lipids and other risk factors associated with the metabolic syndrome. Many beneficial effects are seen with pharmacological doses of isolated viscous soluble fibre, including improved insulin sensitivity, decreased LDL-cholesterol levels and decreased clotting factors. Similar effects are seen with low glycaemic-index foods. In contrast, insoluble non-viscous cereal fibre is not seen to act directly on risk factors when taken in refined foods such as in milled flour. Since cereal fibre, the major type of fibre in western diets, does not directly act on the risk factors for the metabolic syndrome, the question remains as to possible mechanisms. Until now, fibre and the nature and processing of the starch and particle size have been seen as the main determinants of the metabolic response to starchy foods. However, fibre-rich foods also have an increased protein-to-carbohydrate ratio. Hence we suggest that the protective effect of fibre may also be due to increased vegetable protein content, which may act directly to reduce clotting factors and oxidized LDL-cholesterol levels.

scholarly journals Effects of whole-grain wheat, rye, and lignan supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in men with metabolic syndrome: a randomized crossover trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 864-876
Author(s):  
Anne K Eriksen ◽  
Carl Brunius ◽  
Mohsen Mazidi ◽  
Per M Hellström ◽  
Ulf Risérus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Whole Grain ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

ABSTRACT Background A whole-grain (WG)–rich diet has shown to have potential for both prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is a cluster of risk factors that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Different WGs may have different health effects. WG rye, in particular, may improve glucose homeostasis and blood lipids, possibly mediated through fermentable dietary fiber and lignans. Recent studies have also suggested a crucial role of the gut microbiota in response to WG. Objectives The aim was to investigate WG rye, alone and with lignan supplements [secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG)], and WG wheat diets on glucose tolerance [oral-glucose-tolerance test (OGTT)], other cardiometabolic outcomes, enterolignans, and microbiota composition. Moreover, we exploratively evaluated the role of gut microbiota enterotypes in response to intervention diets. Methods Forty men with MetS risk profile were randomly assigned to WG diets in an 8-wk crossover study. The rye diet was supplemented with 280 mg SDG at weeks 4–8. Effects of treatment were evaluated by mixed-effects modeling, and effects on microbiota composition and the role of gut microbiota as a predictor of response to treatment were analyzed by random forest plots. Results The WG rye diet (± SDG supplements) did not affect the OGTT compared with WG wheat. Total and LDL cholesterol were lowered (−0.06 and −0.09 mmol/L, respectively; P < 0.05) after WG rye compared with WG wheat after 4 wk but not after 8 wk. WG rye resulted in higher abundance of Bifidobacterium [fold-change (FC) = 2.58, P < 0.001] compared with baseline and lower abundance of Clostridium genus compared with WG wheat (FC = 0.54, P = 0.02). The explorative analyses suggest that baseline enterotype is associated with total and LDL-cholesterol response to diet. Conclusions WG rye, alone or with SDG supplementation, compared with WG wheat did not affect glucose metabolism but caused transient LDL-cholesterol reduction. The effect of WG diets appeared to differ according to enterotype. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02987595.

The effect of high multivitamin diet during pregnancy on food intake and glucose metabolism in Wistar rat offspring fed low-vitamin diets post weaning

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 302-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Y. Szeto ◽  
P. S. P. Huot ◽  
S. A. Reza-López ◽  
A. Jahan-mihan ◽  
G. H. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Rat Offspring ◽  
Vitamin Content ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

Rat offspring born to dams fed a high multivitamin diet (HV) are shown to have increased risks of obesity and metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that a low-vitamin postweaning diet would enhance these characteristics in offspring born to HV dams. During pregnancy, Wistar rats were fed the AIN-93G diet with or without a 10-fold increase in vitamin content. In Experiment 1, at weaning, males were fed the recommended diet (RV) or a diet with 1/3 the vitamin content (1/3 RV) for 12 weeks. In Experiment 2, males and females were fed the RV diet or 1/6 RV diet for 35 weeks. Body weight was measured on a weekly basis, food intake on a daily basis, and for 1 h after an overnight fast following glucose gavage at 6, 12 and 24 weeks. Blood glucose and insulin responses to an oral glucose load were measured at 30 weeks. Males from HV dams, compared with those from RV dams, gained more weight in Experiment 1 (+7%,P< 0.05) and Experiment 2 (+11%,P< 0.0001), along with higher glucose response (+33%,P< 0.05). The 1/6 RV pup diet led to lower weight gain in males (−16%,P< 0.0001) and females (−13%,P< 0.0005), and lower food intake in males (−9%,P< 0.01) independent of the gestational diet. Females on the 1/6 RV diet and from HV dams had higher 1 h food intake (+36%,P< 0.05) and lower insulin response (−25%,P< 0.05) compared with those from RV dams. Exposure of the offspring to low-vitamin diets did not amplify the expression of the metabolic syndrome observed in those born to dams fed an HV diet.

Analysis of candidate genes in Polish families with obesity

2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Malgorzata Malczewska-Malec ◽  
Iwona Wybranska ◽  
Iwona Leszczynska-Golabek ◽  
Lukasz Partyka ◽  
Jadwiga Hartwich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

AbstractThis study analyzes the relationship between risk factors related to overweight/obesity, insulin resistance, lipid tolerance, hypertension, endothelial function and genetic polymorphisms associated with: i) appetite regulation (leptin, melanocortin-3-receptor (MCR-3), dopamine receptor 2 (D2R)); ii) adipocyte differentiation and insulin sensitivity (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γThe 122 members of 40 obese Caucasian families from southern Poland participated in the study. The genotypes were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) or by direct sequencing. Phenotypes related to obesity (body mass index (BMI), fat/lean body mass composition, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)), fasting lipids, glucose, leptin and insulin, as well as insulin during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (4 points within 2 hours) and during oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT) (5 points within 8 hours) were assessed. The insulin sensitivity indexes: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, whole body insulin sensitivity index, hepatic insulin sensitivity and early secretory response to an oral glucose load (HOMA-IR, ISI-COMP, ISI-HOMA and DELTA) were calculated.The single gene mutations such as CWe conclude that the polymorphisms we investigated were weakly correlated with obesity but significantly modified the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Adiposity as Determinants of Metabolic Health—Pooled Analysis of Two Twin Cohorts

2017 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 1520-1528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sakari Jukarainen ◽  
René Holst ◽  
Christine Dalgård ◽  
Päivi Piirilä ◽  
Jesper Lundbom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Fitness ◽  
Insulin Response ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Acute Insulin Response ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome Score

Abstract Context: The joint effects of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body composition on metabolic health are not well known. Objective: To examine the associations of CRF, fat-free mass index (FFMI), and fat mass index (FMI) with metabolic health in individual twins and controlling for genetic and shared environmental effects by studying monozygotic intrapair differences. Design, Setting, and Participants: Two cross-sectional samples of healthy adult monozygotic and dizygotic twins were drawn from population-based Danish and Finnish national twin registries (n = 996 and n = 309). Main Measures: CRF was defined as VO2max divided by fat-free mass. Insulin sensitivity and acute insulin response indices were derived from an oral glucose tolerance test. A continuous metabolic syndrome score was calculated. Visceral and liver fat were measured in the Finnish sample. Associations were analyzed separately in both cohorts with multivariate linear regression and aggregated with meta-analytic methods. Results: Insulin sensitivity, acute insulin response, metabolic syndrome score, visceral, and liver fat amount had strong and statistically significant associations with FMI (|β| 0.53 to 0.79), whereas their associations with CRF and FFMI were at most weak (|β| 0.02 to 0.15). The results of the monozygotic intrapair differences analysis showed the same pattern. Conclusions: Although FMI is strongly associated with worsening of metabolic health traits, even after controlling for genetic and shared environmental factors, there was little evidence for the effects of CRF or FFMI on metabolic health. This suggests that changing FMI rather than CRF or FFMI may affect metabolic health irrespective of genetic or early environmental determinants.

The metabolic syndrome and insulin sensitivity in lean and obese children and adolescents

Appetite ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
C. Bøjsøe ◽  
C.E. Fonvig ◽  
C. Trier ◽  
A.A. Nissen ◽  
J.T. Kloppenborg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

scholarly journals Insulin Gene Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (INS VNTR) Genotype and Metabolic Syndrome in Childhood Obesity

2006 ◽  
Vol 91 (11) ◽  
pp. 4641-4644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Santoro ◽  
Grazia Cirillo ◽  
Alessandra Amato ◽  
Caterina Luongo ◽  
Paolo Raimondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Insulinogenic Index ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Ins Vntr ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Obese Subjects

Abstract Objective: The insulin variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) polymorphism located in the insulin gene promoter (INS VNTR) has been associated with insulin levels in obese children. Hyperinsulinemia is a pivotal factor in the development of metabolic syndrome, an emerging complication in childhood obesity. With the present study, we aimed to test the associations between INS VNTR and the metabolic syndrome in juvenile-onset obesity. Subjects and Methods: We screened for the INS VNTR in 320 obese children (152 girls; mean age, 11.2 ± 2.3 yr; mean z-score body mass index, 3.6 ± 1.1). All of them underwent a standard oral glucose tolerance test; baseline measurements included blood pressure and plasma lipid and fasting insulin levels. By using the data derived from the oral glucose tolerance test, the whole-body insulin sensitivity and the insulinogenic index were calculated. Results: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome reached 39%. No differences in INS VNTR genotype distribution were observed between obese subjects and 200 lean, age- and sex-matched children (P = 0.7). Among obese subjects, the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in subjects with the I/I genotype (P = 0.006); the risk for developing the metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in subjects carrying the I/I genotype (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.5–3.9). Obese subjects homozygous for the class I allele showed higher insulin levels and insulinogenic index but lower whole-body insulin sensitivity. Conclusions: We conclude that the I variant of the insulin promoter, when expressed in homozygotes, can predispose obese children to develop the metabolic syndrome.

scholarly journals Regular consumption of pulses for 8 weeks reduces metabolic syndrome risk factors in overweight and obese adults

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (S1) ◽  
pp. S111-S122 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Mollard ◽  
B. L. Luhovyy ◽  
S. Panahi ◽  
M. Nunez ◽  
A. Hanley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Frequent Consumption

Pulses are low in energy density, supporting their inclusion in the diet for the management of risk factors of the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). The aim of the present study was to describe the effects of frequent consumption (five cups/week over 8 weeks) of pulses (yellow peas, chickpeas, navy beans and lentils), compared with counselling to reduce energy intake by 2093 kJ/d (500 kcal/d), on risk factors of the MetSyn in two groups (nineteen and twenty-one subjects, respectively) of overweight or obese (mean BMI 32·8 kg/m2) adults. Body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood parameters and 24 h food intakes were measured at weeks 1, 4 and 8. Blood glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and ghrelin were measured after a 75 g oral glucose load at weeks 1 and 8. At week 8, both groups reported reductions in energy intake, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, glycosylated Hb (HbA1c) and glucose AUC and homeostasis model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) following the glucose load (P < 0·05). However, HDL, fasting C-peptide and insulin AUC responses were dependent on diet (P < 0·05). HDL and C-peptide increased by 4·5 and 12·3 %, respectively, in the pulse group, but decreased by 0·8 and 7·6 %, respectively, in the energy-restricted group. Insulin AUC decreased in both females and males on the energy-restricted diet by 24·2 and 4·8 %, respectively, but on the pulse diet it decreased by 13·9 % in females and increased by 27·3 % in males (P < 0·05). In conclusion, frequent consumption of pulses in an ad libitum diet reduced risk factors of the MetSyn and these effects were equivalent, and in some instances stronger, than counselling for dietary energy reduction.

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