Automatic Determination of the Greulich-Pyle Bone Age as an Alternative Approach for Chinese Children with Discordant Bone Age

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Zhang ◽  
Fangqin Lin ◽  
Xiaoyi Ding
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao-Yan Zhang ◽  
Gang Liu ◽  
Chen-Guo Ma ◽  
Yi-San Han ◽  
Xun-Zhang Shen ◽  
...  

Rationale and Objective. Large studies have previously been performed to set up a Chinese bone age reference, but it has been difficult to compare the maturation of Chinese children with populations elsewhere due to the potential variability between raters in different parts of the world. We re-analysed the radiographs from a large study of normal Chinese children using an automated bone age rating method to establish a Chinese bone age reference, and to compare the tempo of maturation in the Chinese with other populations. Materials and Methods. X-rays from 2883 boys and 3143 girls aged 2–20 years from five Chinese cities, taken in 2005, were evaluated using the BoneXpert automated method. Results. Chinese children reached full maturity at the same age as previously studied Asian children from Los Angeles, but 0.6 years earlier than Caucasian children in Los Angeles. The Greulich-Pyle bone age method was adapted to the Chinese population creating a new bone age scale BX-China05. The standard deviation between BX-China05 and chronologic age was 1.01 years in boys aged 8–14, and 1.08 years in girls aged 7–12. Conclusion. By eliminating rater variability, the automated method provides a reliable and efficient standard for bone age determination in China.


2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick R. van Rijn ◽  
Maarten H. Lequin ◽  
Hans Henrik Thodberg

2010 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Martin ◽  
Julia Neuhof ◽  
Oskar G. Jenni ◽  
Michael B. Ranke ◽  
Hans Henrik Thodberg

2000 ◽  
Vol 28 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Hosseini ◽  
Blanka Hejdukova ◽  
Pall E. Ingvarsson ◽  
Bo Johnels ◽  
Torsten Olsson

Author(s):  
Romain Desplats ◽  
Timothee Dargnies ◽  
Jean-Christophe Courrege ◽  
Philippe Perdu ◽  
Jean-Louis Noullet

Abstract Focused Ion Beam (FIB) tools are widely used for Integrated Circuit (IC) debug and repair. With the increasing density of recent semiconductor devices, FIB operations are increasingly challenged, requiring access through 4 or more metal layers to reach a metal line of interest. In some cases, accessibility from the front side, through these metal layers, is so limited that backside FIB operations appear to be the most appropriate approach. The questions to be resolved before starting frontside or backside FIB operations on a device are: 1. Is it do-able, are the metal lines accessible? 2. What is the optimal positioning (e.g. accessing a metal 2 line is much faster and easier than digging down to a metal 6 line)? (for the backside) 3. What risk, time and cost are involved in FIB operations? In this paper, we will present a new approach, which allows the FIB user or designer to calculate the optimal FIB operation for debug and IC repair. It automatically selects the fastest and easiest milling and deposition FIB operations.


2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (16-18) ◽  
pp. 932-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond Nepstad ◽  
Emlyn Davies ◽  
Dag Altin ◽  
Trond Nordtug ◽  
Bjørn Henrik Hansen

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