scholarly journals Adjustment Disorders as Stress Response Syndromes: A New Diagnostic Concept and Its Exploration in a Medical Sample

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Maercker ◽  
Franziska Einsle ◽  
Volker Köllner
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Adjustment Disorders ◽  
As Stress

Considering adjustment disorders as stress response syndromes for DSM-5

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 818-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Strain ◽  
Matthew J. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Adjustment Disorders ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
As Stress

The endocrine response to stress

2011 ◽  
pp. 287-294
Author(s):  
David E. Henley ◽  
Joey M. Kaye ◽  
Stafford L. Lightman
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Psychological Stressors ◽  
Endocrine Stress Response ◽  
The Face ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Trauma Injury ◽  
As Stress

In the face of any threat or challenge, either real or perceived, an organism must mount a series of coordinated and specific hormonal, autonomic, immune, and behavioural responses that allow it to either escape or adapt (1–3). To be successful, the characteristics and intensity of the response must match that posed by the threat itself and should last no longer than is necessary. A response that is either inadequate or excessive in terms of its specificity, intensity or duration may result in one or more of a multitude of psychological or physical pathologies (2–5). This concept of threat and the organism’s response to it is frequently recognized and understood as ‘stress’ but is so diverse that it lacks a universally accepted definition (2) and thus is difficult to investigate or study (6). In the early 1900s, Walter Cannon introduced the concept of homoeostasis (4)—an ideal steady state for all physiological processes. Stress has been defined as the state where this ideal is threatened. More easily appreciated, however, are those factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, which represent a challenge to homoeostasis (termed stressors) and the complex physiological, hormonal, and behavioural responses that occur to restore the balance, the stress response (1). The importance of endocrine systems in this stress response was emphasized by Hans Selye (7), who described the need for multiple, integrated systems to respond in a coordinated fashion following exposure to a particular stressor. Nonspecific activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and sympatho-adrenomedullary (SAM) axes occurred following initial exposure to a noxious stimulus. Continued exposure to the same agent has been shown to have lasting and damaging effects on various endocrine, immune, and other systems, although recovery from this state was possible provided the stress was terminated (7). In addition to various noxious agents, numerous potential stressors exist including exertion, physical extremes, trauma, injury, and psychological stress. Indeed, psychological stressors are some of the most potent stimuli of the endocrine stress response particularly when they involve elements of novelty, uncertainty, and unpredictability. This has been highlighted by the observation that anticipating an event can be as potent an activator of the stress response as the event itself (7).

scholarly journals New Perspectives in the Model of Stress Response

2017 ◽  
pp. S173-S185 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. TONHAJZEROVA ◽  
M. MESTANIK
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Stress Reactivity ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Biofeedback Training ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Adaptive Calibration ◽  
As Stress

The reactions of human organism to changes of internal or external environment termed as stress response have been at the center of interest during recent decades. Several theories were designed to describe the regulatory mechanisms which maintain the stability of vital physiological functions under conditions of threat or other environmental challenges. However, most of the models of stress reactivity were focused on specific aspects of the regulatory outcomes – physiological (e.g. neuroendocrine), psychological or behavioral regulation. Recently, a novel complex theory based on evolutionary and developmental biology has been introduced. The Adaptive Calibration Model of stress response employs a broad range of the findings from previous theories of stress and analyzes the responsivity to stress with respect to interindividual differences as a consequence of conditional adaptation – the ability to modify developmental trajectory to match the conditions of the social and physical environment. This review summarizes the contributions of the most important models in the field of stress response and emphasizes the importance of complex analysis of the psycho-physiological mechanisms. Moreover, it outlines the implications for nonpharmacological treatment of stress-related disorders with the application of biofeedback training as a promising tool based on voluntary modification of neurophysiological functions.

The biological basis of adjustment disorders (DRAFT)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Doherty
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Adjustment Disorder ◽  
Adjustment Disorders ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Relative Lack ◽  
Biological Basis ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Common Diagnosis

The biological basis of adjustment disorders examines the evidence for the biological factors associated with this common diagnosis. Although adjustment disorder is usually characterized as a disorder of psychological adjustment to life stressors, and while it shares overlapping psychopathology with both normal stress response and with major depression, there is evidence that the diagnosis may have pathophysiological characteristics that distinguish it from both. This chapter explores the evidence supporting underlying theories derived from diverse fields including genetics, neuroimaging, and neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter functioning, and considers how the pharmacological management of adjustment disorder is linked to said theories. It discusses the gaps in our knowledge and considers the causes for the relative lack of interest in this diagnosis compared with other diagnoses.

scholarly journals Biological Properties of JNK3 and Its Function in Neurons, Astrocytes, Pancreatic β-Cells and Cardiovascular Cells

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1802 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rei Nakano ◽  
Tomohiro Nakayama ◽  
Hiroshi Sugiya
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Cellular Reprogramming ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Cardiovascular Cells ◽  
As Stress ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Upstream Regulators ◽  
Shed Light

JNK is a protein kinase, which induces transactivation of c-jun. The three isoforms of JNK, JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, are encoded by three distinct genes. JNK1 and JNK2 are expressed ubiquitously throughout the body. By contrast, the expression of JNK3 is limited and observed mainly in the brain, heart, and testes. Concerning the biological properties of JNKs, the contribution of upstream regulators and scaffold proteins plays an important role in the activation of JNKs. Since JNK signaling has been described as a form of stress-response signaling, the contribution of JNK3 to pathophysiological events, such as stress response or cell death including apoptosis, has been well studied. However, JNK3 also regulates the physiological functions of neurons and non-neuronal cells, such as development, regeneration, and differentiation/reprogramming. In this review, we shed light on the physiological functions of JNK3. In addition, we summarize recent advances in the knowledge regarding interactions between JNK3 and cellular reprogramming.

Toxin–antitoxin Loci as Stress-response-elements: ChpAK/MazF and ChpBK Cleave Translated RNAs and are Counteracted by tmRNA

2003 ◽  
Vol 332 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne K Christensen ◽  
Kim Pedersen ◽  
Flemming G Hansen ◽  
Kenn Gerdes
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Response Elements ◽  
As Stress
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