scholarly journals Isolation of Enteric Ganglia from the Myenteric Plexus of Adult Rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine B. Jaeger
Keyword(s):  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Enzyme Treatment ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Enteric Ganglia ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Enteric neurons and glia cells were isolated from adult Sprague Dawley rats. A procedure is described using a combination of microdissection and mechanical dissociation after enzyme treatment which yields large numbers of cell clusters suitable for tissue culture and grafting into the injured spinal cord. Differentiated enteric ganglia remained viable for at least 5 daysin vitroCultured neurons expressed histochemical reactivity for acetylcholinesterase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase. Nestin positive glia, which represented a population of non-myelinating enteric Schwann cells, could also be identified in cultures maintained 5 days or longerin vitro. The myenteric plexus of adult rats can provide a readily available source of neurons and Schwann cells for grafting to the central nervous system.

Remyelination of Demyelinated CNS Axons by Transplanted Human Schwann Cells: The Deleterious Effect of Contaminating Fibroblasts

2001 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 305-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. H. Brierley ◽  
A. J. Crang ◽  
Y. Iwashita ◽  
J. M. Gilson ◽  
N. J. Scolding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Schwann Cell ◽  
Schwann Cells ◽  
Axonal Degeneration ◽  
Autologous Transplantation ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Demyelinating Lesions ◽  
Cell Implantation

Areas of demyelination can be remyelinated by transplanting myelin-forming cells. Schwann cells are the naturally remyelinating cells of the peripheral nervous system and have a number of features that may make them attractive for cell implantation therapies in multiple sclerosis, in which spontaneous but limited Schwann cell remyelination has been well documented. Schwann cells can be expanded in vitro, potentially affording the opportunity of autologous transplantation; and they might also be spared the demyelinating process in multiple sclerosis. Although rat, cat, and monkey Schwann cells have been transplanted into rodent demyelinating lesions, the behavior of transplanted human Schwann cells has not been evaluated. In this study we examined the consequences of injecting human Schwann cells into areas of acute demyelination in the spinal cords of adult rats. We found that transplants containing significant fibroblast contamination resulted in deposition of large amounts of collagen and extensive axonal degeneration. However, Schwann cell preparations that had been purified by positive immunoselection using antibodies to human low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor containing less than 10% fibroblasts were associated with remyelination. This result indicates that fibroblast contamination of human Schwann cells represents a greater problem than would have been appreciated from previous studies.

scholarly journals Intranasal Borna Disease Virus (BoDV-1) Infection: Insights into Initial Steps and Potential Contagiosity

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Kupke ◽  
Sabrina Becker ◽  
Konstantin Wewetzer ◽  
Barbara Ahlemeyer ◽  
Markus Eickmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Olfactory Pathway ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Receptor Neurons

Mammalian Bornavirus (BoDV-1) typically causes a fatal neurologic disorder in horses and sheep, and was recently shown to cause fatal encephalitis in humans with and without transplant reception. It has been suggested that BoDV-1 enters the central nervous system (CNS) via the olfactory pathway. However, (I) susceptible cell types that replicate the virus for successful spread, and (II) the role of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), remained unclear. To address this, we studied the intranasal infection of adult rats with BoDV-1 in vivo and in vitro, using olfactory mucosal (OM) cell cultures and the cultures of purified OECs. Strikingly, in vitro and in vivo, viral antigen and mRNA were present from four days post infection (dpi) onwards in the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), but also in all other cell types of the OM, and constantly in the OECs. In contrast, in vivo, BoDV-1 genomic RNA was only detectable in adult and juvenile ORNs, nerve fibers, and in OECs from 7 dpi on. In vitro, the rate of infection of OECs was significantly higher than that of the OM cells, pointing to a crucial role of OECs for infection via the olfactory pathway. Thus, this study provides important insights into the transmission of neurotropic viral infections with a zoonotic potential.

Alveolar macrophage depletion is associated with increased surfactant pool sizes in adult rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 637-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Forbes ◽  
Mike Pickell ◽  
Mehry Foroughian ◽  
Li-Juan Yao ◽  
James Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein A ◽  
Surfactant Protein ◽  
Normal Lung ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Pool Sizes

Pulmonary surfactant is a lipid-protein material that is essential for normal lung function. Maintaining normal and consistent alveolar amounts of surfactant is in part dependent on clearance of surfactant by alveolar macrophages (AM). The present study utilized a rat model of AM depletion to determine the impact on surfactant pool sizes and function over time. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and intratracheally instilled with PBS-liposomes (PBS-L) or dichloromethylene diphosphonic acid (DMDP) containing liposomes (DMDP-L) and were killed at various time points up to 21 days for compliance measurements, AM cell counts, and surfactant analysis. AM numbers were significantly decreased 1, 2, and 3 days after instillation in DMDP-L vs. PBS-L, with 72% depletion at 3 days. AM numbers returned to normal levels by 5 days. In DMDP-L rats, there was a rapid increase in surfactant-phospholipid pools, showing a ninefold increase in the amount of surfactant in the lavage 3 days after liposome instillation. Surfactant accumulation progressed up to 7 days, with pools normalizing by 21 days. The increase in surfactant was due to increases in both subfractions of surfactant, the large aggregates (LA) and small aggregates. Surfactant protein A levels, relative to LA phospholipids, were not increased. There was a decreased extent of surfactant conversion in vitro for LA from DMDP-L rats compared with controls. It is concluded that the procedure of AM depletion significantly affects surfactant metabolism. The increased endogenous surfactant must be considered when utilizing the AM depletion model to study the role of these cells during lung insults.

scholarly journals Glial TLR4 signaling does not contribute to opioid-induced depression of respiration

2014 ◽  
Vol 117 (8) ◽  
pp. 857-868 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer D. Zwicker ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Jun Ren ◽  
Mark R. Hutchinson ◽  
Kenner C. Rice ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Depression ◽  
Respiratory Rhythm ◽  
Opioid Antagonist ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Opioid Receptor Agonist ◽  
Bath Application ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Tlr4 Antagonist

Opioids activate glia in the central nervous system in part by activating the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation 2 (MD2) complex. TLR4/MD2-mediated activation of glia by opioids compromises their analgesic actions. Glial activation is also hypothesized as pivotal in opioid-mediated reward and tolerance and as a contributor to opioid-mediated respiratory depression. We tested the contribution of TLR4 to opioid-induced respiratory depression using rhythmically active medullary slices that contain the pre-Bötzinger Complex (preBötC, an important site of respiratory rhythm generation) and adult rats in vivo. Injection with DAMGO (μ-opioid receptor agonist; 50 μM) or bath application of DAMGO (500 nM) or fentanyl (1 μM) slowed frequency recorded from XII nerves to 40%, 40%, or 50% of control, respectively. This DAMGO-mediated frequency inhibition was unaffected by preapplication of lipopolysaccharides from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (a TLR4 antagonist, 2,000 ng/ml) or (+)naloxone (1–10 μM, a TLR4-antagonist). Bath application of (−)naloxone (500 nM; a TLR4 and μ-opioid antagonist), however, rapidly reversed the opioid-mediated frequency decrease. We also compared the opioid-induced respiratory depression in slices in vitro in the absence and presence of bath-applied minocycline (an inhibitor of microglial activation) and in slices prepared from mice injected (ip) 18 h earlier with minocycline or saline. Minocycline had no effect on respiratory depression in vitro. Finally, the respiratory depression evoked in anesthetized rats by tail vein infusion of fentanyl was unaffected by subsequent injection of (+)naloxone, but completely reversed by (−)naloxone. These data indicate that neither activation of microglia in preBötC nor TLR4/MD2-activation contribute to opioid-induced respiratory depression.

scholarly journals Perinatal development of, and effect of chemical pretreatment on, glycine N-acyltransferase activities in liver and kidney of rabbit and rat

1978 ◽  
Vol 172 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
M O James ◽  
J R Bend
Keyword(s):  
Zealand White Rabbit ◽  
Rabbit Kidney ◽  
Chemical Pretreatment ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Acyltransferase Activity ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbit ◽  
Ontogenic Development ◽  
Liver And Kidney

The ontogenic development of glycine N-acyltransferase activity was studied in preparations of hepatic and renal mitochondria from the New Zealand White rabbit and the Sprague-Dawley rat. Preparations of hepatic mitochondria from the rat and the rabbit attain adult glycine N-acyltransferase specific activities by birth and 4 weeks of age respectively, whereas mitochondrial preparations from rabbit kidney do not attain adult activity until 4 months of age. Pretreatment of adult rats or immature rabbits with salicylic acid, benzoic acid or phenobarbital had little effect on glycine N-acyltransferase activity in vitro in liver or kidney.

Transplantation of metanephroi after preservation in vitro

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (2) ◽  
pp. R661-R665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon A. Rogers ◽  
Marc R. Hammerman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Normal Structure ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Rat Embryos ◽  
University Of Wisconsin ◽  
Distal Tubules ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time

To determine whether transplanted metanephroi grow, differentiate, and function in hosts after preservation in vitro, we implanted metanephroi from embryonic day 15 ( E15) Sprague-Dawley rat embryos into the omentum of nonimmunosuppressed uninephrectomized Sprague-Dawley (host) rats. Metanephroi were either implanted directly or suspended in ice-cold University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation solution with or without added growth factors for 3 days before implantation. The size and extent of tissue differentiation preimplantation of E15 metanephroi implanted directly were not distinguishable from the size and differentiation of metanephroi preserved for 3 days. In contrast, E16 metanephroi were larger than E15 metanephroi preserved for 3 days. E16 metanephroi or E13 metanephroi grown in organ culture for 3 days contained more differentiated nephron structures than those in E15 metanephroi preserved for 3 days. By 4 wk posttransplantation, metanephroi that had been preserved for 3 days had grown and differentiated such that glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules, and collecting ducts with normal structure had developed. At 12 wk posttransplantation, inulin clearances of preserved metanephroi were comparable to those of metanephroi that had been implanted directly. Addition of growth factors to the UW solution enhanced inulin clearances. Here we show for the first time that functional kidneys develop from metanephroi transplanted from rat embryos to adult rats after as long as 3 days of preservation in vitro.

scholarly journals Development of the intrinsic innervation of the small bowel mucosa and villi

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. G53-G65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene M. Hao ◽  
Candice Fung ◽  
Werend Boesmans ◽  
Katrien Lowette ◽  
Jan Tack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Enteric Nervous System ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Myenteric Plexus ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Enteroendocrine Cells ◽  
Enteric Neurons ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Detection of nutritional and noxious food components in the gut is a crucial component of gastrointestinal function. Contents in the gut lumen interact with enteroendocrine cells dispersed throughout the gut epithelium. Enteroendocrine cells release many different hormones, neuropeptides, and neurotransmitters that communicate either directly or indirectly with the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system, a network of neurons and glia located within the gut wall. Several populations of enteric neurons extend processes that innervate the gastrointestinal lamina propria; however, how these processes develop and begin to transmit information from the mucosa is not fully understood. In this study, we found that Tuj1-immunoreactive neurites begin to project out of the myenteric plexus at embryonic day (E)13.5 in the mouse small intestine, even before the formation of villi. Using live calcium imaging, we discovered that neurites were capable of transmitting electrical information from stimulated villi to the plexus by E15.5. In unpeeled gut preparations where all layers were left intact, we also mimicked the basolateral release of 5-HT from enteroendocrine cells, which triggered responses in myenteric cell bodies at postnatal day (P)0. Altogether, our results show that enteric neurons extend neurites out of the myenteric plexus early during mouse enteric nervous system development, innervating the gastrointestinal mucosa, even before villus formation in mice of either sex. Neurites are already able to conduct electrical information at E15.5, and responses to 5-HT develop postnatally. NEW & NOTEWORTHY How enteric neurons project into the gut mucosa and begin to communicate with the epithelium during development is not known. Our study shows that enteric neurites project into the lamina propria as early as E13.5 in the mouse, before development of the submucous plexus and before formation of intestinal villi. These neurites are capable of transmitting electrical signals back to their cell bodies by E15.5 and respond to serotonin applied to neurite terminals by birth.

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