scholarly journals A Comprehensive Review of Infectious Granulomatous Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Shivantha Amarnath ◽  
Liliane Deeb ◽  
Jobin Philipose ◽  
Xiaomin Zheng ◽  
Vivek Gumaste
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Hypersensitive Response ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Histological Findings ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Autoimmune Conditions ◽  
Granulomatous Diseases ◽  
Granulomatous Disorders

A granuloma is defined as a localized inflammatory reaction or a hypersensitive response to a nondegradable product leading to an organized collection of epithelioid histiocytes. Etiologies of granulomatous disorders can be divided into two broad categories: infectious and noninfectious (autoimmune conditions, toxins, etc.) causes. The endless list of causalities may prove challenging for gastroenterologists and pathologists to formulate a list of clearly defined differentials. This is true when distinguishing these etiologies based on various clinical presentations and endoscopic and histological findings. We aim to provide a comprehensive review of some of the frequent and rare infectious granulomatous diseases of the gastrointestinal tract documented in the literature to date. We provide an overview of each infectious pathology with an emphasis on epidemiology, clinical presentation, and endoscopic and histologic findings, in addition to treatment.

Hydrocephalus in Spinal Muscular Atrophy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeetendra P. Sah ◽  
Aaron W. Abrams ◽  
Geetha Chari ◽  
Craig Linden ◽  
Yaacov Anziska
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Muscular Atrophy ◽  
Communicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
Type I ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Radiographic Findings ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn this article, we reported a case of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) type I noted to have tetraventricular hydrocephalus with Blake's pouch cyst at 8 months of age following intrathecal nusinersen therapy. The association of hydrocephalus with SMA is rarely reported in the literature. Development of hydrocephalus after intrathecal nusinersen therapy is also reported in some cases, but a cause–effect relationship is not yet established. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics of a patient with SMA type I and hydrocephalus, to review similar cases reported in the literature, and to explore the relationship between nusinersen therapy and development of hydrocephalus. The clinical presentation and radiographic findings of the patient are described and a comprehensive review of the literature was conducted. The adverse effect of communicating hydrocephalus related to nusinersen therapy is being reported and the authors suggest carefully monitoring for features of hydrocephalus developing during the course of nusinersen therapy.

Disorders of Impulse Control and Self-Harm

2010 ◽  
pp. 504-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew K. Nock ◽  
Christine B. Cha ◽  
Halina J. Dour
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
Clinical Problems ◽  
Control Spectrum

Disorders of impulse-control and self-harm are dangerous clinical problems that often present significant challenges for scientists and clinicians. In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive review of each disorder on the impulse-control spectrum. We begin by describing the clinical presentation and epidemiology of each disorder. Next, we discuss what is currently known about the etiology of these disorders, summarizing recent research on genetic/neurobiological factors, environmental factors, and psychological factors that appear to influence these disorders. The assessment and treatment of disorders of impulse-control and self-harm is complicated by the relatively low base-rate of these disorders, as well as by their dangerous and sensitive nature. Nevertheless, several evidence-based approaches to assessment and treatment have been developed and also are reviewed here. We conclude with recommendations for future scientific and clinical efforts aimed at better understanding, predicting, and preventing disorders of impulse-control and self-harm.

1001 Intra-Articular Distal Radius Fracture Surgical Intervention Threshold Origins and Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G Esworthy ◽  
N Johnson ◽  
J Dias ◽  
P Divall
Keyword(s):  
Distal Radius ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
British Society ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Current Guidance ◽  
Traumatic Arthritis

Abstract Background Treatment of intra-articular distal radius fractures is guided by the displacement of the articular fragments. Symptomatic post-traumatic arthritis is expected to occur if step displacement is > 2mm; this value is often used as an indication for surgery if closed reduction is not possible. Method A systematic review was performed to establish the origin and adaptations of the threshold, with papers screened and relevant citations reviewed. Orthopaedic textbooks were reviewed to ensure no earlier mention of the threshold was present. Results Knirk and Jupiter, 1986, are the first to quantify a threshold, with all their patients developing arthritis with >2mm displacement. Some papers have discussed using 1mm, although 2mm is most widely reported. Current guidance from the British Society for Surgery of the Hand supports 2mm. Although this paper is still widely cited, the authors published a re-examination of the data showing methodological flaws which is not as widely reported. They claim their conclusions are still relevant today; however, the radiological arthritis does not correlate with the clinical presentation. Conclusions Knirk and Jupiter originated the threshold value of 2mm. The lack of correlation between the radiological and clinical presentations warrants further investigation. The principle of treatment remains restoration of normal anatomical position.

scholarly journals Where and Why Modeling Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 3977
Author(s):  
Francesco Liguori ◽  
Susanna Amadio ◽  
Cinzia Volonté
Keyword(s):  
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Neuroinflammatory Disease ◽  
Multicellular Organisms ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Over the years, researchers have leveraged a host of different in vivo models in order to dissect amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative/neuroinflammatory disease that is heterogeneous in its clinical presentation and is multigenic, multifactorial and non-cell autonomous. These models include both vertebrates and invertebrates such as yeast, worms, flies, zebrafish, mice, rats, guinea pigs, dogs and, more recently, non-human primates. Despite their obvious differences and peculiarities, only the concurrent and comparative analysis of these various systems will allow the untangling of the causes and mechanisms of ALS for finally obtaining new efficacious therapeutics. However, harnessing these powerful organisms poses numerous challenges. In this context, we present here an updated and comprehensive review of how eukaryotic unicellular and multicellular organisms that reproduce a few of the main clinical features of the disease have helped in ALS research to dissect the pathological pathways of the disease insurgence and progression. We describe common features as well as discrepancies among these models, highlighting new insights and emerging roles for experimental organisms in ALS.

scholarly journals Case series on variable presentations of tuberculosis of the breast

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. e236019
Author(s):  
Tharun Ganapathy Chitrambalam ◽  
Jeyakumar Sundaraj ◽  
Pradeep Joshua Christopher ◽  
Ramyasree Paladugu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Common Type ◽  
Breast Abscess ◽  
Breast Lump ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Malignant Lesions

Tuberculosis (TB) of the breast is extremely rare and is often mistaken for benign or malignant lesions of the breast. They are rare even in countries which are endemic for TB, like India. The most common type of clinical presentation is a vague lump in the breast, but there are even other types of presentations which are documented. In olden days, there was a lot of dilemma and challenge in diagnosing TB of the breast, but thanks to improved pathological knowledge and the advent of investigations such as QuantiFERON-TB gold and GeneXpert, TB can be diagnosed early nowadays and treated accordingly. In this study series, we report 10 cases of TB of the breast with variable clinical presentations as fibroadenosis, breast abscess, duct ectasia and breast lump on evaluation, and the challenges encountered in establishing the diagnosis.

scholarly journals Metastatic Melanoma Presenting as Intussusception in an 80-Year-Old Man: A Case Report

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Alghamdi ◽  
Yumna Omarzai
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Metastatic Melanoma ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Common Site ◽  
Neoplastic Process ◽  
History Of ◽  
Uncommon Neoplasm

Malignant melanoma of the gastrointestinal tract is an uncommon neoplasm that could be primary or metastatic. Small intestine represents the most common site for the metastatic melanoma; however, it could be found anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract. Intussusception is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction in adults compared to children. In 90% of the cases, the underlying cause can be found, and in 65% of the cases, intussusception is caused by the neoplastic process. The majority of the neoplasms are benign, and about 15% are malignant. Metastatic melanoma is one of the most common metastatic malignancies to the gastrointestinal tract; however, the premortem diagnosis is rarely made. Here, we report an uncommon clinical presentation of metastatic melanoma causing intussusception in an 80-year-old man. This diagnosis should be considered in a differential diagnosis in any patient who presents with gastrointestinal symptoms and a history of melanoma.

Novel Route of Sirolimus Administration in a Neonate

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley B. Clark ◽  
Indira Chandrasekar ◽  
Jennee Nickleson
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Buccal Mucosa ◽  
Intestinal Perforation ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Intestinal Lesion ◽  
Term Newborn ◽  
Enteral Administration

A term newborn presented with widespread cutaneous erythematous to bluish lesions since birth. He had extensive lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, brain, retina, heart, and bones. He also developed an intestinal perforation due to erosion of an intestinal lesion. Due to his critical status and clinical presentation, he was initially diagnosed with multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis with thrombocytopenia (MLT), and sirolimus treatment was initiated. Sirolimus was given by buccal route in this nonfeeding patient. Therapeutic serum levels were obtained comparable to enteral administration. Buccal mucosa was an effective novel route of sirolimus administration in this patient.

Compression neuropathies of the forearm: anatomy, clinical features and management

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Alexander Scarborough ◽  
Robert J MacFarlane ◽  
Michail Klontzas ◽  
Rui Zhou ◽  
Mohammad Waseem
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerve ◽  
Brachial Plexus ◽  
Upper Limb ◽  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Permanent Damage ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Lesions ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prompt Diagnosis

The upper limb consists of four major parts: a girdle formed by the clavicle and scapula, the arm, the forearm and the hand. Peripheral nerve lesions of the upper limb are divided into lesions of the brachial plexus or the nerves arising from it. Lesions of the nerves arising from the brachial plexus are further divided into upper (proximal) or lower (distal) lesions based on their location. Peripheral nerves in the forearm can be compressed in various locations and by a wide range of pathologies. A thorough understanding of the anatomy and clinical presentations of these compression neuropathies can lead to prompt diagnosis and management, preventing possible permanent damage. This article discusses the aetiology, anatomy, clinical presentation and surgical management of compressive neuropathies of the upper limb.

scholarly journals Initial clinical presentation of children with acute and chronic versus acute subdural hemorrhage resulting from abusive head trauma

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Feldman ◽  
Naomi F. Sugar ◽  
Samuel R. Browd
Keyword(s):  
Head Trauma ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Abusive Head Trauma ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Similar Proportion ◽  
Subdural Hemorrhage ◽  
Retinal Hemorrhages ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Multicenter Retrospective Review

OBJECT At presentation, children who have experienced abusive head trauma (AHT) often have subdural hemorrhage (SDH) that is acute, chronic, or both. Controversy exists whether the acute SDH associated with chronic SDH results from trauma or from spontaneous rebleeding. The authors compared the clinical presentations of children with AHT and acute SDH with those having acute and chronic SDH (acute/chronic SDH). METHODS The study was a multicenter retrospective review of children who had experienced AHT during 2004–2009. The authors compared the clinical and radiological characteristics of children with acute SDH to those of children with acute/chronic SDH. RESULTS The study included 383 children with AHT and either acute SDH (n = 291) or acute/chronic SDH (n = 92). The children with acute/chronic SDH were younger, had higher initial Glasgow Coma Scale scores, fewer deaths, fewer skull fractures, less parenchymal brain injury, and fewer acute noncranial fractures than did children with acute SDH. No between-group differences were found for the proportion with retinal hemorrhages, healing noncranial fractures, or acute abusive bruises. A similar proportion (approximately 80%) of children with acute/chronic SDH and with acute SDH had retinal hemorrhages or acute or healing extracranial injures. Of children with acute/chronic SDH, 20% were neurologically asymptomatic at presentation; almost half of these children were seen for macrocephaly, and for all of them, the acute SDH was completely within the area of the chronic SDH. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the presenting clinical and radiological characteristics of children with acute SDH and acute/chronic SDH caused by AHT did not differ, suggesting that repeated abuse, rather than spontaneous rebleeding, is the etiology of most acute SDH in children with chronic SDH. However, more severe neurological symptoms were more common among children with acute SDH. Children with acute/chronic SDH and asymptomatic macrocephaly have unique risks and distinct radiological and clinical characteristics.

scholarly journals Experience of management of abdominal cysts

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 3404
Author(s):  
Dhananjay Vaze ◽  
Pranav Jhadav ◽  
Rajesh M. ◽  
Adarsh Hegde ◽  
Sanjay Raut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Records ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Laparoscopic Approach ◽  
Exploratory Laparotomy ◽  
Urachal Cyst ◽  
Duct Cyst ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Abdominal Masses ◽  
The Common ◽  
Cystic Masses

Benign intra-abdominal cystic masses in children are rare and they have diverse etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation. The present study highlights the experience in the management of benign intra-abdominal cysts pertaining to the diverse etiologies associated with these lesions. The medical records of our hospital between November 2016 to November 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with cystic abdominal masses were studied with respect to less different clinical presentations, localization of masses, diagnostic tests, surgical aapproaches, histopathological examinations and outcome. Out of the 55 cases, most common lesion was a choledochal cyst. Miscellaneous diagnosis includes an omental cyst, urachal cyst and a pedunculated bile duct cyst. All the cystic lesions of the abdomen need to be considered as close differentials in clinical practice due to the common presentations and similar symptoms produced by these lesions. All the lesions were managed by exploratory laparotomy except two ovarian cysts which were managed with laparoscopic approach.

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