scholarly journals Reduction of Embodied Energy and Construction Cost of Affordable Houses through Efficient Architectural Design: A Case Study in Indian Scenario

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Deepak Bansal ◽  
V. K. Minocha ◽  
Arvinder Kaur ◽  
Vaidehi A. Dakwale ◽  
R. V. Ralegaonkar
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Construction Cost ◽  
Area Ratio ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Individual Unit ◽  
Architectural Planning ◽  
Cost Of Construction

Embodied energy and cost of construction of any building depends upon the consumption of resources, more specifically construction materials. In housing clusters, the spaces provided for horizontal and vertical circulation of occupants such as corridors and contribute in the built-up area of individual unit without any increase in the usable/carpet area. Thus, an efficient architectural planning of common circulation spaces plays a major role in lowering the built-up-to-carpet area ratio of individual housing unit in clusters. This may, thus, result in lesser embodied energy and maximum area availability for occupant usage. In the present study, 30 clusters of Indian affordable housing units (IAHUs) of similar typology and different architectural designs are analyzed. The built-up and carpet area of each IAHU are estimated, and the ratio of the built-up to carpet area is calculated. Detailed estimates of construction materials for each IAHU is prepared, and cost of construction and embodied energy is calculated. The calculations of embodied energy and construction cost are done for major construction materials, viz., cement, steel, bricks, sand, and coarse aggregate and compared with different built-up-to-carpet area ratio. The study of IAHUs concludes that a variation of 1.30 to 1.62 in the built-up area-to-carpet area ratio results in variation in construction cost (INR 13,425.00 to 20,138.00 per m2 carpet area) and embodied energy (4–6.5 GJ per m2 carpet area). Analysis suggests that the IAHU with a lower built-up-to-carpet area ratio exhibits reduction in the cost of construction and embodied energy simultaneously. Thus, an efficient architectural design plays a major role in improving the sustainability of IAHUs and built-up-to-carpet area ratio is an important indicator of sustainability.

Agriculture—Things That Are Grown

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Rez
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Additional Energy ◽  
Energy Inputs

Timber has the lowest embodied energy of any of the construction materials. Paper production from trees requires much more energy. There is some energy saving in recycling, as recycled paper substitutes for pulp derived from wood chips. Growing crops for food also requires energy. The energy required for plants to grow comes from the sun, but there are additional energy inputs from fertiliser and farm machinery to speed up the growth process and vastly improve crop yields. If grains are used as animal feed, then the energy inputs are much larger than the dietary energy output—the larger the animal and the longer it is fattened up before slaughter, the more inefficient the process. The use of crops to make fuel for electrical power generation or for processing into liquid fuels is horribly inefficient. The problem is simple—the plants do not grow fast enough!

Affordable housing: Cost effective construction materials for economically weaker section

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Arun ◽  
K. Baskar ◽  
B.S. Geethapriya ◽  
M. Jayabarathi ◽  
R. Angayarkkani
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Housing Cost

scholarly journals Computer Modeling of Barrel-Vaulted Sanctuary Exhibiting Flutter Echo with Comparison to Measurements

Acoustics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-109
Author(s):  
Heather Lai ◽  
Brian Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Computer Modeling ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Impulse Responses ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Geometrical Acoustics ◽  
Decay Times ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Show Evidence ◽  
Architectural Planning ◽  
The Cost

Computer modeling in acoustics allows for the prediction of acoustical defects and the evaluation of potential remediations. In this article, computer modeling is applied to the case of a barrel-vaulted sanctuary whose architectural design and construction led to severe flutter echoes along the main aisle, which was later mitigated through acoustical remediations. State-of-the-art geometrical acoustics and wave-based simulations are carried out to analyze the acoustics of this space, with a particular focus on the flutter echoes along the main aisle, before and after remediations. Multi-resolution wavelet and spectrogram analyses are carried out to isolate and characterize flutter echoes within measurements and computer-simulated room impulse responses. Comparisons of simulated responses to measurements are also made in terms of decay times and curves. Simulated room impulse responses from both geometrical acoustics and wave-based methods show evidence of flutter echoes matching measurements, to varying degrees. Time-frequency analyses isolating flutter echoes demonstrate better matches to measurements from wave-based simulated responses, at the cost of longer simulation times than geometrical acoustics simulations. This case study highlights the importance of computer modeling of acoustics in early design phases of architectural planning of worship spaces.

Embodied Energy of Construction Materials: Integrating Human and Capital Energy into an IO-Based Hybrid Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 1936-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manish K. Dixit ◽  
Charles H. Culp ◽  
Jose L. Fernandez-Solis
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Embodied Energy

scholarly journals Resource harvesting through a systematic deconstruction of the residential house: a case study of the ‘Whole House Reuse’ project in Christchurch, New Zealand

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atiq U. Zaman ◽  
Juliet Arnott ◽  
Kate Mclntyre ◽  
Jonathon Hannon
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
New Products ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Resource Conservation ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Market Condition ◽  
Residential House

This study analyses the case study of a deconstruction project called the ‘Whole House Reuse’ (WHR) which aimed, firstly, to harvest materials from a residential house, secondly, to produce new products using the recovered materials, and thirdly, to organize exhibition for the local public to promote awareness on resource conservation and sustainable deconstruction practices. The study applies characterization of recovered materials through deconstruction. In addition to the material recovery, the study assesses the embodied energy saving and greenhouse gas emission abatement of the deconstruction project. Around twelve tonnes of various construction materials were harvested through a systematic deconstruction approach, most which would otherwise be disposed to landfill in the traditional demolition approach. The study estimates that the recovered materials could potentially save around 502,158MJ of embodied energy and prevent carbon emission of around 27,029kg (CO2e). Deconstruction could eventually contribute to New Zealand’s national emission reduction targets. In addition, the project successfully engages local communities and designers to produce 400 new products using the recovered materials and exhibited to the local people. The study concludes that there is a huge prospect in regard to resource recovery, emission reduction, employment and small business opportunities using deconstruction of the old house. The socio-cultural importance of the WHR project is definitely immense; however, the greater benefits of such projects are often ignored and remain unreported to wider audiences as most of the external and environmental costs have not been considered in the traditional linear economy. It is acknowledged that under a favourable market condition and with appropriate support from local communities and authorities, deconstruction could contribute significantly to resource conservation and environmental protection despite its requirement of labour intensive efforts.

scholarly journals Study on Interior Space Optimization of Green Affordable Housing in Cold Region

2020 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 04011
Author(s):  
Junyan Dong ◽  
Bomin Zheng ◽  
Yupi Fu ◽  
Kechao Li
Keyword(s):  
Interior Design ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Interior Space ◽  
Indoor Space ◽  
Space Design ◽  
Optimization Principle ◽  
The Status ◽  
Changchun City

With the construction of a large number of affordable housing and the development of green buildings, the design of green affordable housing has become a new concern and research topic in China’s residential architectural design, and the interior design of affordable housing has become a top priority. This article takes Changchun city as an example, through the research of affordable housing in Changchun, visit, found the main problems existing in the status quo, in view of the problems put forward housing interior space design optimization principle, and according to the design principles of indoor space scale, provides a good green indoor living environment for green residential tenants in cold areas.

scholarly journals The Factors that Influence Human Resources on Affordable Housing Delivery within Restraint of Budget

J ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-266
Author(s):  
Imisioluseyi Akinyede ◽  
Julius Fapohunda ◽  
Rainer Haldenwang
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Human Resources Management ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Construction Cost ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Factors Influencing

The study aims to establish the factors influencing human resources on cost, since the construction cost of housing delivery is often above budgeted cost. The challenges occurred due to unsustainable practices in the use of human resources, design-related issues, matching resources availability with cost and time frame problems. The methodology used is a sequential mixed method to achieve the aim and objective of the study, for this purpose, construction managers and stakeholders were considered as research respondents. Data collected was analysed on SPSS software version 25, with the application of a descriptive statistics analysis technique. Findings deduced are involvement of all team members in the planning and implementation process will enhance mutual relationships, less conflict and fewer controversies on design, while documenting delivery roles and responsibilities among construction team members will increase the satisfaction of interest and efficient resources utilisation. This study establishes “factors regulating human resources management on construction cost and “strong component factors influencing human resources on cost”. The study then assembles the factors to develop an operational framework that will control construction resources management on cost, as a guide to improve competency and sustainable techniques for affordable housing delivery within the income limit of the poor people in South Africa.

Study on Construction Materials with Energy Saving Analysis of Architectural Design in Liangshan

2013 ◽  
Vol 830 ◽  
pp. 416-421
Author(s):  
Mei Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Building Energy Efficiency ◽  
Roof Structure ◽  
Building Energy Saving ◽  
The Government

The constraints of resources and environment in China are more and more intense. The 12th Five-Year Plan requires that energy saving must be considered in the architectural design. Liangshan has special climate and sunshine. Therefore, the Government of Liangshan requires that building energy saving must be started from the stage of architectural design. Building energy efficiency must be considered from several aspects, such as architectural layout, wall structure, windows and doors, roof structure, external sun-shading, and construction materials.

scholarly journals Hybrid Input-Output Analysis of Embodied Carbon and Construction Cost Differences between New-Build and Refurbished Projects

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Langston ◽  
Edwin Chan ◽  
Esther Yung
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Construction Cost ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Embodied Carbon ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Differences ◽  
Cost Differentials ◽  
Strong Linear Relationship

Refurbishing buildings helps reduce waste, and limiting the amount of embodied carbon in buildings helps minimize the damaging impacts of climate change through lower CO2 emissions. The analysis of embodied carbon is based on the concept of life cycle assessment (LCA). LCA is a systematic tool to evaluate the environmental impacts of a product, technology, or service through all stages of its life cycle. This study investigates the embodied carbon footprint of both new-build and refurbished buildings to determine the embodied carbon profile and its relationship to both embodied energy and construction cost. It recognizes that changes in the fuel mix for electricity generation play an important role in embodied carbon impacts in different countries. The empirical findings for Hong Kong suggest that mean embodied carbon for refurbished buildings is 33–39% lower than new-build projects, and the cost for refurbished buildings is 22–50% lower than new-build projects (per square meter of floor area). Embodied carbon ranges from 645–1059 kgCO2e/m2 for new-build and 294–655 kgCO2e/m2 for refurbished projects, which is in keeping with other studies outside Hong Kong. However, values of embodied carbon and cost for refurbished projects in this study have a higher coefficient of variation than their new-build counterparts. It is argued that it is preferable to estimate embodied energy and then convert to embodied carbon (rather than estimate embodied carbon directly), as carbon is both time and location specific. A very strong linear relationship is also observed between embodied energy and construction cost that can be used to predict the former, given the latter. This study provides a framework whereby comparisons can be made between new-build and refurbished projects on the basis of embodied carbon and related construction cost differentials into the future, helping to make informed decisions about which strategy to pursue.

Individual unit and guard-zone airtightness tests of apartment buildings

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-337
Author(s):  
Andreas Kaschuba-Holtgrave ◽  
Angela Rohr ◽  
Stefanie Rolfsmeier ◽  
Oliver Solcher
Keyword(s):  
Reference Model ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Air Leakage ◽  
Apartment Buildings ◽  
Individual Unit ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Industrial Standards ◽  
Guard Zone

The airtightness of eight apartment buildings containing six to 11 units each on three or four floors was tested with and without guard-zone pressure, that is, with and without consideration of internal leakages. The layouts of these buildings varied: two of them had no central stairwell; in two other buildings, only some of the apartments were connected to the central stairwell; and the third type had all apartments connected to a central stairwell. Airtightness tests were performed with and without guard-zone pressure conditions. During these tests, two to eight BlowerDoor systems were used simultaneously to create guard-zone pressure conditions. In this report, the authors evaluate the test results of three buildings of different layout types. Furthermore, a reference model for the natural air permeability of all construction materials used in the interior and exterior envelopes of each apartment was created for two buildings in accordance with the German Industrial Standards (DIN). We present the results of this assessment and put them in context with the airtightness tests with and without guard-zone pressure. The results indicate that the air leakage contribution of internal partitions is significant, namely 32% and 27%. As this affects sound transmission, fire protection, odor transfer, and the quality of ventilation, it is essential to assess the airtightness of not only the exterior but also the interior envelope of each apartment.

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