scholarly journals Ethnotherapeutic Uses and Phytochemical Composition of Physalis peruviana L.: An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Félicien Mushagalusa Kasali ◽  
Jonans Tusiimire ◽  
Justin Ntokamunda Kadima ◽  
Casim Umba Tolo ◽  
Anke Weisheit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Cinnamic Acid Derivatives ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Physalis Peruviana ◽  
Conventional Medication ◽  
Online Library

Background. Plant-derived medicines are widespread and continue to increase in traditional and modern medicine, especially in developing countries. Physalis peruviana L. is among the most used plants in conventional medication worldwide. This review aimed to highlight the ethnotherapeutic uses and phytochemical status of identified compounds in P. peruviana. Methods. Data were collected from Google Scholar, PubMed/Medline, SciFinder, Science Direct, Scopus, the Wiley Online Library, Web of Science, and any other helpful search engine using Physalis peruviana as the primary keyword. Results. Some countries, worldwide, use P. peruviana in their traditional medicine system to manage diverse ailments, mainly diseases and gastrointestinal tract disorders (25.33%). Leaf was the mostly used part (49.28%), prepared by decoction (31.58%) and overall administrated orally (53.57%) as the main route of admission. Around 502 phytoconstituents were identified in different plant parts, especially fruit (38.19%) ethanol/ethyl acetate extract. In most cases (36.17%), the solvent of the extract was not specified. Several phytochemical classes were found in the plant, especially terpenes (26.09%) and phenolic compounds (14.94%). Esters were also abundant (11.55%). In the terpenes category, carotenoids were the most abundant (11.15% followed by monoterpenes (8.76%) and diterpenes (3.18%). However, flavonoids (5.17%) followed by cinnamic acid derivatives (3.99%), monophenolic compounds (1.79%), and phenolic acids (1.33 M) are the most reported phenolic compounds. Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid) was the most cited (five times). Conclusion. P. peruviana plays an essential role in managing diseases in some countries and is rich in chemical compounds, which need to be isolated and investigated pharmacologically before clinical trials.

scholarly journals Analisis Toksisitas Akut Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Cempedak pada Tikus Galur Wistar

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Rakhman Hakim ◽  
Rina Saputri
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Fruit Skin ◽  
Public Health Protection ◽  
Toxicity Effects

Kulit buah Cempedak yang digoreng (Manday) merupakan salah satu makanan yang umum dikonsumsi masyarakat di Kalimantan Selatan. Berdasarkan pengalaman dari beberapa masyarakat, keluhan yang sering terjadi adalah perut terasa perih dan kepala pusing. Evaluasi sifat toksik dari bagian tumbuhan yang dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat sangat penting untuk dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan perlindungan kesehatan masyarakat karena paparan senyawa kimia dari bagian tumbuhan yang dapat menyebabkan efek yang tidak diinginkan pada masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa kimia dan efek toksisitas akut dari ekstrak etanol kulit buah cempedak. Kulit buah cempedak dikeringkan dengan menggunakan oven. Ekstraksi kulit buah cempedak menggunakan cara maserasi dengan cairan penyari etanol. Tikus uji diberi larutan kontrol Na CMC dan ekstrak dengan dosis 300 mg/kgBB, 1000 mg/kgBB, 2000 mg/kgBB, dan 5000 mg/kgBB. Hasil identifikasi senyawa kimia didapatkan positif mengandung triterpenoid, flavonoid, tanin, dan senyawa fenolik. Tikus uji yang menerima ekstrak dengan dosis 1000 mg/kgBB, 2000 mg/kgBB, dan 5000 mg/kgBB terjadi perubahan pada tikus uji berdasarkan pengamatan fisik yaitu mengalami peningkatan detak jantung atau takikardi, pernapasan cepat, tremor, dan agresif. Kata kunci: Kulit buah cempedak, senyawa kimia, toksisitas akut Rind of Cempedak fruit (Manday) is one of the foods commonly consumed by people in South Kalimantan. Based on the experience of several communities, complaints that often occur are sore stomach and headache. Evaluation of the toxic properties of plant parts consumed by the community is very important to be done by considering public health protection due to exposure to chemical compounds from parts of plants that can cause undesirable effects on the community. This study aims to identify chemical compounds and acute toxicity effects of ethanol extract rind of cempedak fruit. Rind of Cempedak fruit has dried using an oven. Extraction of cempedak fruit skin using maceration method with ethanol. Test rats were given Na CMC as a control and extract with dose 300 mg / kgBB, 1000 mg / kgBB, 2000 mg / kgBB, and 5000 mg / kgBB. The results of the identification of chemical compounds were obtained positively containing triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The test rats that received extracts at a dose of 1000 mg / kgBW, 2000 mg / kgBB, and 5000 mg / kgBW were changed in the test rats based on physical observations that experienced an increase in heart rate or tachycardia, rapid breathing, tremor, and aggressive. Keywords: acute toxicity, chemistry compounds, rind of cempedak fruit

scholarly journals Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol, Etil Asetat Dan N-Heksana Batang myristica Fragrans

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-100
Author(s):  
Rizki Damayanti ◽  
Ria Ervilita
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Hexane Extract ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Myristica Fragrans

Telah dilakukan uji skrining fitokimia terhadap batang Myristica fragrans. Uji fitokimia yang dilakukan diantaranya adalah alkaloid, flavonoid, fenolik, saponin, dan terpenoid/ steroid. Hasil uji skrining fitokimia ekstrak etanol batangMyristica fragrans menunjukkan adanya kandungan flavonoid, saponin dan terpenoid/ steroid. Hasil skrining fitokimia pada ekstrak etil asetat menunjukkan adanya falvonoid dan terpenoid/ steroid sedangkan pada ekstrak n-heksana menujukkan adanya senyawa terpenoid/ steroid. Senyawa-senyawa kimia yang tidak terdapat pada ketiga ekstrak dengan variasi pelarut daun Myristica fragrans adalah senyawa alkaloid dan fenolik.   Phytochemical screening tests on the stem of Myristica fragrans have been carried out. Phytochemical tests were included alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, and terpenoids/steroids. The results of the phytochemical screening test of ethanol extract from the stem of Myristica fragrans showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins and terpenoids/steroids. The results of phytochemical screening on ethyl acetate extract showed phalvonoid and terpenoids/steroids whereas n-hexane extract showed terpenoids/steroids. Chemical compounds which were not found in the three extracts with a variety of solvent leaves Myristica fragrans were alkaloid and phenolic compounds.

scholarly journals Gentiana asclepiadea L. from Two High Mountainous Habitats: Inter- and Intrapopulation Variability Based on Species’ Phytochemistry

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Zorica Popović ◽  
Dijana Krstić-Milošević ◽  
Milena Marković ◽  
Vera Vidaković ◽  
Srđan Bojović
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Clear Separation ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Intrapopulation Variability ◽  
Population Origin

Natural populations of Gentiana asclepiadea L., located at two mountainous sites, were HPLC-analyzed regarding the contents of six representative secondary metabolites. The contents of swertiamarin (SWM), gentiopicrin (GP), sweroside (SWZ), mangiferin (MGF), isoorientin (ISOOR), and isovitexin (ISOV) were determined in six populations (three per study site), and separately for aboveground and belowground plant parts. PCA showed a clear separation of four groups according to the contents of the analyzed secondary metabolites. Out of six analyzed compounds, five were present in all samples and only one (SWZ) was found in Golija populations (belowground parts) but not in Vlasina populations, and its presence can be indicative of the geolocation of populations. Clear separation of groups was mostly affected by the different contents of chemical compounds in plant parts (aboveground versus belowground) and by the differences related to population origin (higher content of SWM and GP in belowground parts of individuals from Vlasina populations and higher content of MGF and ISOOR of individuals from Golija populations). The results of this study contribute to the spatiochemical profiling of G. asclepiadea populations and a better understanding of inter- and intrapopulation variability of pharmacologically important compounds.

An Investigation on the Properties of Zingiber officinale Rose and Its Application in Nutrition and Medicine Based on Scientific and Islamic Texts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Fathi ◽  
Fatemeh Faraji ◽  
Niusha Esmaealzadeh ◽  
Shahram Eslami ◽  
Mohammad Bagher Mohammadi Laeeni
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Zingiber Officinale ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Persian Medicine ◽  
Traditional Persian Medicine

Introduction: Zingiber officinale Rose (ginger) has been used for many purposes in traditional medicine since 2500 years ago. This study intends to introduce the ginger plant, some of their applications in the field of human health in traditional and modern medicine, and their conformity with Islamic and Quranic findings. Material and Methods: Administrative and therapeutic information of ginger plant has been searched in related and valid books, scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, SID, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Ginger keyword has been searched in the Quran and hadiths and its medicinal and pharmacological properties; also in traditional Persian medicine and laboratory studies, the day, was collected from published articles. In order to confirm the obtained information, it was matched with Quranic and narration versions, and the obtained information was analyzed, compiled, and presented. Results: Avicenna has mentioned the positive effects of ginger in his Canon of Medicine. The Food and Drug Administration of the Ministry of Health in Iran has also introduced ginger as a dietary supplement. Ginger is one of those plants which name is mentioned in the Quran, in verse 17 of Surah Al-Insan. In narrations and quoting scientists as well as in modern medicine and articles, the effects and application of this plant in the field of medicine and nutrition have been mentioned. Conclusion: The results have shown that the use of ginger in nutrition as a spice or supplement and in Persian medicine as a medicament has a scientific and practical basis, and studies on this issue are confirmed both in science and Islam. Findings obtained from laboratory and clinical studies can also be effective in the proper use and preparation of appropriate medicinal forms of this plant.

Vasodilatory effects and underlying mechanisms of the ethyl acetate extracts from Gastrodia elata

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 564-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Dai ◽  
Ting Wang ◽  
Xiaoqin Si ◽  
Yuanyuan Jia ◽  
Lili Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Vascular Tone ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Rat Aorta ◽  
Gastrodia Elata ◽  
Vasodilatory Effect ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extracts

The objective of this study was to assess the ethyl acetate extracts of Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) on vascular tone and the mechanisms involved. GEB was extracted with 95% EtOH followed by a further extraction with ethyl acetate. The effects of GEB and its ingredients on the isometric tensions of the aortic rings from rats were measured. The ethyl acetate extract of GEB induced a vasodilatory effect on rat aorta, which was partially dependent on endothelium. Four chemical compounds isolated from GEB were identified as 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (DB), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (HB), 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol (MA), and 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl methane (DM), respectively. All of these compounds induced vasodilatations, which were dependent on the endothelium to different degrees. After pretreatment with Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, indomethacin, or methylene blue, the vasodilatations induced by DB, HB, and MA were significantly decreased. In addition, the contractions of the rat aortic rings due to Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+ release were also inhibited by DM. Furthermore, the administration of DB significantly enhanced the productions of nitric oxide (NO) and the activities of the endothelial NO synthase in aorta and in endothelial cells. Thus, GEB may play an important role in the amelioration of hypertension by modulating vascular tones.

scholarly journals SCREENING OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF TOTAL FLAVONOIDS AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF LAGASCEA MOLLIS CAV. (ASTERACEAE)

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-97
Author(s):  
Saradha M ◽  
Paulsamy S ◽  
Abinaya G
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Quantitative Estimation ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Total Flavonoids ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Leaves And Roots

Aim of the study was to analyze the phytochemical constituents and estimation of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds of leaves and roots of the medicinal plant Lagascea mollis. Methanol extract of dried leaves and roots of L. mollis was prepared by using soxhlet apparatus. The extract prepared was tested forpreliminary qualitative phytochemical screening, followed by the quantitative estimation of total flavonoids and phenols by spectroscopy. The selected plant parts were found to contain alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids in both parts and saponin is present only in leaf. In quantitative estimation the reports revealedthe presence 0.017 and 0.013 mgRE/g extract and 458.91 and 704.50 mgGAE/g extract total flavonoids and phenolic compounds in leaf and root extract respectively. These major phytoconstituents present in this species may be accounted as factors for the medicinal importance of L. mollis.

scholarly journals MECHANISM OF ACTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF CERTAIN ANTISEPTICS AND DISINFECTANTS IN CORRELATION WITH THEIR ACTIVITY ON SELECTED MICROORGANISMS

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-428
Author(s):  
Biljana Gjorgjeska ◽  
Dino Karpicarov
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Hospital Infection ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Hospital Inpatient ◽  
Hospital Infections ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Acid And Base ◽  
Living Tissues ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

Antiseptics and disinfectants represent a large group of compounds such as: alcohols, aldehydes, acid and base compounds, anilides, biguanides, diamidines, halogen release agents, heavy metals and their compounds, peroxygens, phenols, bis–phenols, halophenols, quaternary ammonium compounds and volatile compounds for sterilization. Both antiseptics and disinfectants are labeled as biocides which are compounds that have the ability to destroy microorganisms or prevent their growth, development and reproduction. Usually, when referring to biocides that inhibit growth, other terms may be more specific, such as “–static” and when referring to biocides that kill the target microorganism the term “–cidal” is often used. These chemical compounds have different effects depending on the concentration in which they are used. The main difference between antiseptics and disinfectants is the place of application. As such, antiseptics remove microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites that have varying degree of pathogenicity and virulence) from living tissues while disinfectants remove the same type of microorganisms from variety of objects and equipment, or to remove pathogens from the immediate environment. The action of antiseptics and disinfectants is due to mutual reaction with the cell surface of the microorganisms, followed by their penetration into the cells and the influence on a certain target area. As a result of that, antiseptics and disinfectants are an integral part of the practices for controlling infections and preventing the occurrence of intra–hospital infections. One of the biggest problems facing modern medicine is the occurrence of the intra–hospital (inpatient, nosocomial) infections. These infections can be defined as localized or generalized infections caused by microorganisms acquired during hospitalization. More specifically, an intra–hospital infection is one for which there is no evidence that the infection was present or incubating at the time of a hospital admission. In fact, these infections can result from inappropriate use of antiseptics and disinfectants. To be used in hospital conditions, antiseptics and disinfectants must meet several criteria: easy to use; non–volatile; not harmful to equipment, staff or patients; free from unpleasant smells and effective within a relatively short time.The goals of this study are to present the most common microorganisms that cause the occurrence of intra–hospital infections; to present the characteristics and mechanisms of action of the most frequently used antiseptics and disinfectants in hospital conditions; to give guidance as to which antiseptic or disinfectant would be most suitable for use against the microorganism which occurs in the function of the causative agent of the intra–hospital infection. The establishment of such an approach is crucial because it is necessary to know which antiseptic or disinfectant has the greatest activity against the microorganism which is the cause of the intra–hospital (nosocomial) infection. As a result of that, the incidence of intra–hospital infections will be minimized.

scholarly journals Pharmacognostic Study of Sangkareho Root (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) from Pelaihari, South Kalimantan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-63
Author(s):  
Fitriyanti Fitriyanti ◽  
Yusmalina Yusmalina ◽  
Rahmi Muthia
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Eluent Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Pungent Odor ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Light Brown Color

Sangkareho (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) is used traditionally by one of Kalimantan's indigenous tribes, the Dayak Tunjung tribe as a medicine for colds and inflammation, where the plant parts used are the roots. Considering its very potential prospects, research aimed at providing a scientific basis for plant pharmacognostic data needs to be carried out with qualitative methods. The qualitative examination is done by several methods including test identification of organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, and chemical compounds. Organoleptic test results showed that the roots have a light brown color, bitter and slightly spicy, and a rather pungent odor. Microscopic test results showed sangkareho root has a length of � 90 cm; width of � 1 cm; and for the form of a spear with a ride root system. Microscopic observations are found in the form of epidermal cells, exodermis, cortex, endodermis, bearing files, calcium oxalate crystals, and stone cells. The identification of chemical compounds showed positive results against alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and triterpenoids. The thin-layer chromatography profile shows four separate stains with eluent ethyl acetate : methanol : water in a ratio of 8 : 2 : 1, respectively.

scholarly journals The reactivity of cinnamic acid derivatives as lignin precursors

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
O. K. Karimov ◽  
G. Y. Kolchina ◽  
G. A. Teptereva ◽  
I. A. Chetvertneva ◽  
E. K. Karimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Cinnamic Acid ◽  
Density Functional ◽  
Density Functional Method ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acids ◽  
Geometric Parameters ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Chemical Calculation ◽  
Cinnamic Acid Derivatives ◽  
Oxygen Atoms

Objectives. Cinnamic acid derivatives belong to a large class of phenolic compounds, which are widely distributed in plants and have high potential for use in the medical and industrial fields. They have various useful practical properties, e.g., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, and anti-melanogenic properties. Hydroxycinnamic acids are of particular interest as phenylpropanoids, which are the starting compounds of lignin. The aim of this work was to study the electronic structure and analyze the reactivity of the simplest representatives of phenylpropanoids formed during the biosynthesis of the coumaric (p-hydroxycinnamic), caffeic (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic), ferulic (3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic), sinapic (3,5-dimethoxy-4- hydroxycinnamic), and 3,4-dimethoxycinnamic acids. These acids are the biogenetic precursors of most other phenolic compounds (coumarins, melanins, lignins, and flavonoids) and are found in almost all higher plants.Methods. Calculations with full optimization of the geometric parameters were performed using the original Hartree–Fock theory and hybrid density functional method. All calculations were performed using the Firefly program. Results. A comparative quantum chemical calculation of the geometric parameters of hydroxycinnamic acid molecules was conducted via two methods, and the values of the charges on atoms according to Mulliken were determined. It was found that with the addition of hydroxyl and methoxy substituents at the meta and para positions relative to the carboxyl fragment, the electron density shifts toward the benzene ring, and the symmetry of the molecule decreases. Additionally, in these structures, there is π,π-conjugation of the carboxyl fragment of the –СН=СНСООН molecule with the aromatic ring, which significantly affects the geometric configuration of the molecule. The maximum positive charge is concentrated on the C9 atom, while the maximum negative charge is on the oxygen atoms belonging to the methoxy substituents and the hydroxyl group, which confirms the role of oxygen atoms in the chemical transformations of acids. Conclusions. Two different methods were used to calculate the geometric, electronic, and energy parameters and electrophilicity indices of the studied hydroxycinnamic acids in the gas phase. The obtained values were consistent (within the limits of error) with the experimental data as well as the results described in earlier works’ calculations by other methods.

scholarly journals Medicinal Plants and Its Pharmacological Values

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Smita G. Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Important Chemical

Plants have been used as a source of medicine for the treatment of different diseases from thousands of years ago. There is numerous evidences are available for use of plants as a medicine in the treatment of diseases in Indian, Egyptian, Chinese, Greek and Roman system of medicine. Pharmacognosy is the study of medicines derived from natural sources, mainly from plants which may further lead to development of new drug. The exploration, extraction and screening of biological diversity such as herbs, spices, microbes and other natural resources is the worldwide activity in recent years. Phytochemicals are the naturally available bioactive compounds which are derived from different plant parts and are primarily responsible for biological activities. The most important chemical compounds which are present in the plants are alkaloids, phenols, saponins, carbohydrates, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids and tannins etc.

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