scholarly journals A Bayesian Hierarchical Model for the Spatial Analysis of Carbon Monoxide Pollution Extremes in Mexico City

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
José del Carmen Jiménez-Hernández ◽  
Marisol López-Cerino ◽  
Alejandro Ivan Aguirre-Salado
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Return Period ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Spatial Behavior ◽  
Gev Distribution ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
One Year

Air pollution by carbon monoxide is a serious problem that affects many cities around the world, and the theory of extreme values has played a crucial role in the study of this issue. In this paper, we proposed a Bayesian hierarchical spatial model of extreme values to evaluate the risk of extreme events of air pollution due to carbon monoxide in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Spatial trends are modeled through of a Gaussian process for the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution parameters, and prediction maps are produced for each of these. The results show a marginal spatial behavior for the location, scale, and shape parameters of GEV distribution, which indicate the existence of local variations that would not be possible to model using only stationary models. A return map of the maximum concentrations with a return period of one year is obtained. We found that the return levels for a one-year return period of CO concentration above 8 ppm in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico are concentrated in the central part of this region, and the areas with the lowest estimates are distributed in the periphery. In addition, a quantile-quantile (QQ) plot between the theoretical and empirical quantiles was provided, which showed a very good fit of data to the proposed model.

Contribution of Liquefied Petroleum Gas to Air Pollution in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City

2000 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick D. Gamas ◽  
Moises Magdaleno ◽  
Luis Diaz ◽  
Isaac Schifter ◽  
Luis Ontiveros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas

scholarly journals Experience from Integrated Air Quality Management in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area and Singapore

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Molina ◽  
Velasco ◽  
Retama ◽  
Zavala
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Atmospheric Pollutants ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Air Quality Management

More than half of the world’s population now lives in cities as a result of unprecedented urbanization during the second half of the 20th century. The urban population is projected to increase to 68% by 2050, with most of the increase occurring in Asia and Africa. Population growth and increased energy consumption in urban areas lead to high levels of atmospheric pollutants that harm human health, cause regional haze, damage crops, contribute to climate change, and ultimately threaten the society’s sustainability. This article reviews the air quality and compares the policies implemented in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) and Singapore and offers insights into the complexity of managing air pollution to protect public health and the environment. While the differences in the governance, economics, and culture of the two cities greatly influence the decision-making process, both have made much progress in reducing concentrations of harmful pollutants by implementing comprehensive integrated air quality management programs. The experience and the lessons learned from the MCMA and Singapore can be valuable for other urban centers, especially in the fast-growing Asia-Pacific region confronting similar air pollution problems.

scholarly journals Air Pollution and Mobility in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area in Times of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Eduardo Vera Valdés ◽  
Carlos Vladimir Rodríguez Caballero
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Causality Tests ◽  
Private Car ◽  
The Government ◽  
Transport Mobility

This paper analyzes the relation between COVID-19, air pollution, and public transport mobility in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA). We test if the restrictions to economic activity introduced to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 are associated with a structural change in air pollution levels and public transport mobility. Our results show that mobility in public transportation was significantly reduced following the government's recommendations. Nonetheless, we show that the reduction in mobility was not accompanied by a reduction in air pollution. Furthermore, Granger-causality tests show that the precedence relation between public transport mobility and air pollution disappeared as a product of the restrictions. Thus, our results suggest that air pollution in the MCMA seems primarily driven by industry and private car usage. In this regard, the government should redouble its efforts to develop policies to reduce industrial pollution and private car usage.

Hydrological consistency between the upstream and downstream estimates of Q1000 flood on the upper Rhine River, using historical series in Basel (1808-2017) and Maxau (1815-2018)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Lang ◽  
Benjamin Renard ◽  
Jérôme Le Coz
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Shape Parameter ◽  
Extreme Values ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Flood Frequency Analysis ◽  
Rhine River ◽  
Gev Distribution ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
Upper Rhine

<div> <p>Estimation of extreme design floods with a short series of a few decades remains challenging because the statistical extrapolation of observed floods to extreme floods induces great uncertainties. Several alternative methods take advantage of the use of additional information: regional methods (e.g. the index flood method), Monte Carlo rainfall-runoff simulation methods, or specific statistical methods adapted to historical series. Here we present a flood frequency analysis on the upper Rhine River, using long historical series in Basel (1808-2017) and Maxau (1815-2018). We used a Bayesian framework to fit the parameters of the GEV distribution. Each value of the annual maximum discharge has uncertainties, which vary from ± 5-7% for the last decades to ± 22-42% for the oldest period depending on the station. At the local scale, without prior assumption on the three parameters of a GEV distribution, we found that the credibility intervals of the Basel and Maxau flood distributions are consistent. However, beyond a 1000-year return period, flood quantiles are incoherent with Q(Maxau) < Q(Basel) although Maxau (50 000 km<sup>2</sup>) is located downstream of Basel (36 000 km<sup>2</sup>). The floods at Basel are almost Gumbel distributed (shape parameter k = 0.066), whereas the floods at Maxau are Weibull distributed (shape parameter k = 0.219) with an asymptotic maximum value. Assuming that the shape parameter k has a certain regional consistency, we have performed a second iteration, with a prior interval [-0.1; +0.4] on k. The width of this interval corresponds to the union of the posterior distribution of k parameter of each local distribution: [-0.1; +0.2] at Basel and [0.0; +0.4] at Maxau. The second version of each distribution is almost the same up to a return period of 100 years, but there is no more crossing for extreme values. Using the predictive distribution with a regional prior on the shape parameter of the GEV distribution, the result is hydrologically consistent from upstream to downstream.</p> </div>

Air pollution and daily mortality in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamal Mamkhezri ◽  
Alok K. Bohara ◽  
Alejandro Islas Camargo
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Daily Mortality

scholarly journals Air Pollution and Mobility, What Carries COVID-19?

Econometrics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Carlos Vladimir Rodríguez-Caballero ◽  
J. Eduardo Vera-Valdés
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Panel Data Models ◽  
Daily Exposure ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Particle Matter ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Highly Correlated

This paper tests if air pollution serves as a carrier for SARS-CoV-2 by measuring the effect of daily exposure to air pollution on its spread by panel data models that incorporates a possible commonality between municipalities. We show that the contemporary exposure to particle matter is not the main driver behind the increasing number of cases and deaths in the Mexico City Metropolitan Area. Remarkably, we also find that the cross-dependence between municipalities in the Mexican region is highly correlated to public mobility, which plays the leading role behind the rhythm of contagion. Our findings are particularly revealing given that the Mexico City Metropolitan Area did not experience a decrease in air pollution during COVID-19 induced lockdowns.

scholarly journals Biomass burning and urban air pollution over the Central Mexican Plateau

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (14) ◽  
pp. 4929-4944 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Crounse ◽  
P. F. DeCarlo ◽  
D. R. Blake ◽  
L. K. Emmons ◽  
T. L. Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Aerosol Scattering

Abstract. Observations during the 2006 dry season of highly elevated concentrations of cyanides in the atmosphere above Mexico City (MC) and the surrounding plains demonstrate that biomass burning (BB) significantly impacted air quality in the region. We find that during the period of our measurements, fires contribute more than half of the organic aerosol mass and submicron aerosol scattering, and one third of the enhancement in benzene, reactive nitrogen, and carbon monoxide in the outflow from the plateau. The combination of biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions will affect ozone chemistry in the MC outflow.

scholarly journals Biomass burning and urban air pollution over the Central Mexican Plateau

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 2699-2734 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Crounse ◽  
P. F. DeCarlo ◽  
D. R. Blake ◽  
L. K. Emmons ◽  
T. L. Campos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Urban Air ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Aerosol Scattering

Abstract. Observations during the 2006 dry season of highly elevated concentrations of cyanides in the atmosphere above Mexico City (MC) and the surrounding plains, demonstrate that biomass burning (BB) significantly impacted air quality in the region. We find that during the period of our measurements, fires contribute more than half of the organic aerosol mass and submicron aerosol scattering, and one third of the enhancement in benzene, reactive nitrogen, and carbon monoxide in the outflow from the plateau. The combination of biomass burning and anthropogenic emissions will affect ozone chemistry in the MC outflow.

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