scholarly journals Synergistic Fire Retardancy of Bis(1-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate and Tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine/Sb2O3 in HIPS

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Hongzhi Wu ◽  
Junhong Liu ◽  
Qi Zhang ◽  
Mingmei Sun ◽  
Jingwei Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synergistic Effect ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Fire Retardancy ◽  
Aminyl Radicals ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Effective Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Ul 94

Bis(1-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)sebacate (NORSM) was found to perform an exceptional synergistic effect with tris(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)-1,3,5-triazine (TTBPC)/Sb2O3 in HIPS. The LOI of fire retardant HIPS (FR-HIPS) with 16 wt% of TTBPC/Sb2O3 increased from 23.8% to 25.2%, the flame retardant rating of FR-HIPS was improved from UL 94 V-2 to UL 94 V-0, and various heat release parameters such as peak heat release rate, total heat release, and mean effective heat of combustion were greatly lowered by combining NORSM of 0.50 wt%. The Py-GC/MS results revealed that NORSM induced the role of synergistic effect; the main mechanisms were as follows: the active radicals such as methoxy radicals and aminyl radicals produced by the pyrolysis of NORSM promote the release of bromine radicals from TTBPC and the formation of HBr and CO2, which improves the flame retardancy of TTBPC/Sb2O3; the above active radicals, together with HBr, quench active free radicals, such as the hydroxyl radical (OH), and decompose the free radical source, which interrupts the chain reaction during combustion and results in a more efficient flame retardant effect in gaseous phase.

scholarly journals A Novel Self-Assembled Graphene-Based Flame Retardant: Synthesis and Flame Retardant Performance in PLA

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4216
Author(s):  
Peixin Yang ◽  
Hanguang Wu ◽  
Feifei Yang ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
Rui Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Nucleation Agent ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Positive Effect

In this study, a novel flame retardant (PMrG) was developed by self-assembling melamine and phytic acid (PA) onto rGO, and then applying it to the improvement of the flame resistance of PLA. PMrG simultaneously decreases the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and the total heat release (THR) of the composite during combustion, and enhances the LOI value and the time to ignition (TTI), thus significantly improving the flame retardancy of the composite. The flame retardant mechanism of the PMrG is also investigated. On one hand, the dehydration of PA and the decomposition of melamine in PMrG generate non-flammable volatiles, such as H2O and NH3, which dilute the oxygen concentration around the combustion front of the composite. On the other hand, the rGO, melamine, and PA components in PMrG create a synergistic effect in promoting the formation of a compact char layer during the combustion, which plays a barrier role and effectively suppresses the release of heat and smoke. In addition, the PMrGs in PLA exert a positive effect on the crystallization of the PLA matrix, thus playing the role of nucleation agent.

Epoxy resin/cyanate ester composites containing DOPO and wollastonite with simultaneously improved flame retardancy and thermal resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 710-718
Author(s):  
Zhengzhou Wang ◽  
Xin Gao ◽  
Wenfeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Thermal Studies ◽  
Cyanate Ester ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Ul 94

Flame-retardant epoxy (EP) resin/cyanate ester (CE) composites were prepared with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) and wollastonite (Wo). The combustion behavior of the flame-retardant EP/CE composites was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and cone calorimeter tests. It is found that the EP/CE composite containing 7 wt% DOPO and 3 wt% Wo (sample 7DO/3Wo/EP/CE) exerts the best flame retardancy (LOI 35.5% and UL-94 V-0 rating). The peak heat release rate and total heat release of sample 7DO/3Wo/EP/CE increase slightly, while total smoke release decreases about 14% compared with the EP/CE composite containing 10 wt% DOPO (sample 10DO/EP/CE). Thermal studies indicate that the glass transition temperature and temperature at 5% mass loss of sample 7DO/3Wo/EP/CE are higher than that of sample 10DO/EP/CE. Moreover, the mechanical properties of EP/CE composites were investigated.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Aluminum 2-Carboxyethyl-Phenyl-Phosphinate and Its Flame-Retardant Application in Polyester

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongying Yao ◽  
Xinxin Liu ◽  
Lijun Qian ◽  
Yajun Chen ◽  
Bo Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Inhibition ◽  
Polyester Textile ◽  
Effective Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Limited Oxygen

A flame retardant aluminum 2-carboxyethyl-phenyl-phosphinate (CPA-Al) was synthesized through the salification reaction. The molecular structure of CPA-Al and thermal stability were characterized by solid nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Subsequently, CPA-Al mixed in polyurethane was coated on polyester textile to obtain flame-retardant samples. The addition of 14.7 wt.% CPA-Al in textile sample can bring a limited oxygen index (LOI) value of 24.5%, 0 s after flame time, and the vertical burning B1 rating. Meanwhile, the incorporated CPA-Al reduced the peak heat release rate, total heat release, average effective heat of combustion, and increased the charring capacity of polyester textiles in contrast to the samples without CPA-Al. CPA-Al exerted not only its flame inhibition effect in gas phase, but also the charring and barrier effect in the condensed phase. Besides, with an increasing CPA-Al ratio in polyester textile, the contact angle gradually decreased from 123.6° to 75.6°, indicating that the surficial property of coating from hydrophobic to hydrophilic, thereby increasing the moisture permeability of polyester textile.

Synthesis and characterization of flame-retardant-wrapped carbon nanotubes and its flame retardancy in epoxy nanocomposites

2021 ◽  
pp. 096739112110245
Author(s):  
Jiangbo Wang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Total Heat Release ◽  
Pristine Cnts ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Ep Matrix ◽  
Better Than

A novel phosphorus-silicon containing flame-retardant DOPO-V-PA was used to wrap carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The results of FTIR, XPS, TEM and TGA measurements exhibited that DOPO-V-PA has been successfully grafted onto the surfaces of CNTs, and the CNTs-DOPO-V-PA was obtained. The CNTs-DOPO-V-PA was subsequently incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) for improving the flame retardancy and dispersion. Compared with pure EP, the addition of 2 wt% CNTs-DOPO-V-PA into the EP matrix could achieve better flame retardancy of EP nanocomposites, such as a 30.5% reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and 8.1% reduction in total heat release (THR). Furthermore, DMTA results clearly indicated that the dispersion for CNTs-DOPO-V-PA in EP matrix was better than pristine CNTs.

SEBS-based thermoplastic elastomers containing aluminum hypophosphite and melamine cyanurate: Thermal degradation, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Cheng ◽  
Jianming Wu ◽  
Yulin Li ◽  
Chenguang Yao ◽  
Guisheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomers ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Melamine Cyanurate ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Phenylene Oxide ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Aluminum Hypophosphite

Aluminum hypophosphite combined with melamine cyanurate and poly(phenylene oxide) was applied to flame-retard TPE-S system (blends of SEBS and polyolefin). The flame-retardant properties of the TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO were investigated by LOI and vertical burning test (UL-94). The results indicated that TPE-S containing 16 wt% AHP, 20 wt% MCA, and 10 wt% PPO reached a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test, and its LOI value was 28.2%. It performed well in the cone calorimeter (reduction in peak heat release rate from 2001 to 494 kW m−2). Thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy tests showed that AHP and MCA acted in gaseous phase, while AHP and PPO helped to form char residue. The SEM graphs demonstrated that continuous and compact films cover bubbles of the char layer in TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO. The proposed flame-retardant mechanisms of such systems were summarized.

scholarly journals Development of Inherently Flame—Retardant Phosphorylated PLA by Combination of Ring-Opening Polymerization and Reactive Extrusion

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosica Mincheva ◽  
Hazar Guemiza ◽  
Chaimaa Hidan ◽  
Sébastien Moins ◽  
Olivier Coulembier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Ring Opening ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Ring Opening Polymerization ◽  
Hexamethylene Diisocyanate ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Loss Cone ◽  
Ul 94

In this study, a highly efficient flame-retardant bioplastic poly(lactide) was developed by covalently incorporating flame-retardant DOPO, that is, 9,10-dihydro-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide. To that end, a three-step strategy that combines the catalyzed ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L,L-lactide (L,L-LA) in bulk from a pre-synthesized DOPO-diamine initiator, followed by bulk chain-coupling reaction by reactive extrusion of the so-obtained phosphorylated polylactide (PLA) oligomers (DOPO-PLA) with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), is described. The flame retardancy of the phosphorylated PLA (DOPO-PLA-PU) was investigated by mass loss cone calorimetry and UL-94 tests. As compared with a commercially available PLA matrix, phosphorylated PLA shows superior flame-retardant properties, that is, (i) significant reduction of both the peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 35% and 36%, respectively, and (ii) V0 classification at UL-94 test. Comparisons between simple physical DOPO-diamine/PLA blends and a DOPO-PLA-PU material were also performed. The results evidenced the superior flame-retardant behavior of phosphorylated PLA obtained by a reactive pathway.

scholarly journals Role of Copper Oxide on Epoxy Coatings with New Intumescent Polymer-Based Fire Retardant

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (24) ◽  
pp. 5978
Author(s):  
Riyazuddin ◽  
Samrin Bano ◽  
Fohad Mabood Husain ◽  
Jamal Akhter Siddique ◽  
Khadijah H. Alharbi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Oxide ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Major Drawback

Epoxy resins (EP) have been used as a thermos-setting material in the field of coating, casting, bonding agent, and laminating. However, a major drawback associated with its use is the lack of good flaming properties, and it is responsible for heavy smoke along with hazardous gases considerably limiting its uses in various fields. In this study, N-ethanolamine triazine-piperizine, a melamine polymer (ETPMP), was established as a new charring-foaming agent and was successfully synthesized with ethanolamine, piperizine, cyanuric chloride, and melamine as precursor molecules via the nucleophilic substitution reaction method. Elemental analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis were applied to approve the synthesis of ETPMP and confirmation of its structure and characterization. The epoxy coating of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was equipped by introducing ETPMP, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and copper oxide (CuO) in multiple composition ratios. CuO was loaded at various amounts into the IFR-coating system as a synergistic agent. The synergistic action of CuO on IFR coatings was scientifically examined by using different analytical tests such as vertical burning test (UL-94V), limited oxygen index (LOI), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that small changes in the amount of CuO expressively amplified the LOI results and enhanced the V-0 ratings in the UL-94V test. The TGA data clearly demonstrate that the inclusion of CuO can transform the thermal deprivation behavior of coatings with a growing char slag proportion with elevated temperatures. Information from cone calorimeter data affirmed that CuO can decrease the burning factors by total heat release (THR) together with peak heat release rate (PHRR). The SEM images indicated that CuO can enrich the power and compression of the intumescent char that restricts the movement of heat and oxygen. Our results demonstrate a positive influence of CuO on the epoxy-headed intumescent flame retardant coatings.

scholarly journals Synthesis of a Novel Phosphorous-Nitrogen Based Charring Agent and Its Application in Flame-retardant HDPE/IFR Composites

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junlei Chen ◽  
Jihui Wang ◽  
Aiqing Ni ◽  
Hongda Chen ◽  
Penglong Shen
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Charring Agent ◽  
Migration Percentage ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

In this work, a novel phosphorous–nitrogen based charring agent named poly(1,3-diaminopropane-1,3,5-triazine-o-bicyclic pentaerythritol phosphate) (PDTBP) was synthesized and used to improve the flame retardancy of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) together with ammonium polyphosphate (APP). The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) showed that PDTBP was successfully synthesized. Compared with the traditional intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system contained APP and pentaerythritol (PER), the novel IFR system (APP/PDTBP, weight ratio of 2:1) could significantly promote the flame retardancy, water resistance, and thermal stability of HDPE. The HDPE/APP/PDTBP composites (PE3) could achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating with LOI value of 30.8%, and had a lower migration percentage (2.2%). However, the HDPE/APP/PER composites (PE5) had the highest migration percentage (4.7%), lower LOI value of 23.9%, and could only achieve a UL-94 V-1 rating. Besides, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and fire hazard value of PE3 were markedly decreased compared to PE5. PE3 had higher tensile strength and flexural strength of 16.27 ± 0.42 MPa and 32.03 ± 0.59 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, the possible flame-retardant mechanism of the APP/PDTBP IFR system indicated that compact and continuous intumescent char layer would be formed during burning, thus inhibiting the degradation of substrate material and improving the thermal stability of HDPE.

scholarly journals Development of Biodegradable Flame-Retardant Bamboo Charcoal Composites, Part I: Thermal and Elemental Analyses

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Wang ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Kate Semple ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Wenbiao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Bamboo Charcoal ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Plastic Composite

In this study, bamboo charcoal (BC) was used as a substitute filler for bamboo powder (BP) in a lignocellulose-plastic composite made from polylactic acid (PLA), with aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) added as a fire retardant. A set of BC/PLA/AHP composites were successfully prepared and tested for flame-retardancy properties. Objectives were to (a) assess compatibility and dispersibility of BC and AHP fillers in PLA matrix, and (b) improve flame-retardant properties of PLA composite. BC reduced flexural properties while co-addition of AHP enhanced bonding between PLA and BC, improving strength and ductility properties. Adding AHP drastically reduced the heat release rate and total heat release of the composites by 72.2% compared with pure PLA. The formation of carbonized surface layers in the BC/PLA/AHP composites effectively improved the fire performance index (FPI) and reduced the fire growth index (FGI). Flame-retardant performance was significantly improved with limiting oxygen index (LOI) of BC/PLA/AHP composite increased to 31 vol%, providing a V-0 rating in UL-94 vertical flame test. Adding AHP promoted earlier initial thermal degradation of the surface of BC/PLA/AHP composites with a carbon residue rate up to 40.3%, providing a protective layer of char. Further raw material and char residue analysis are presented in Part II of this series.

scholarly journals Self-Extinguishing Resin Transfer Molding Composites Using Non-Fire-Retardant Epoxy Resin

Materials ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Geng ◽  
Shuaishuai Yang ◽  
Lianwang Zhang ◽  
Zhenzhen Huang ◽  
Qichao Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Resin Transfer Molding ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Fire Retardancy ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Transfer Molding ◽  
Halogen Free

Introducing fire-retardant additives or building blocks into resins is a widely adopted method used for improving the fire retardancy of epoxy composites. However, the increase in viscosity and the presence of insoluble additives accompanied by resin modification remain challenges for resin transfer molding (RTM) processing. We developed a robust approach for fabricating self-extinguishing RTM composites using unmodified and flammable resins. To avoid the effects on resin fluidity and processing, we loaded the flame retardant into tackifiers instead of resins. We found that the halogen-free flame retardant, a microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP) additive, was enriched on fabric surfaces, which endowed the composites with excellent fire retardancy. The composites showed a 79.2% increase in the limiting oxygen index, a 29.2% reduction in heat release during combustion, and could self-extinguish within two seconds after ignition. Almost no effect on the mechanical properties was observed. This approach is simple, inexpensive, and basically applicable to all resins for fabricating RTM composites. This approach adapts insoluble flame retardants to RTM processing. We envision that this approach could be extended to load other functions (radar absorbing, conductivity, etc.) into RTM composites, broadening the application of RTM processing in the field of advanced functional materials.

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