scholarly journals Hydrolysis Process Optimization and Functional Characterization of Yak Skin Gelatin Hydrolysates

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Hui Yang ◽  
Yanting Xue ◽  
Jiaheng Liu ◽  
Shunyi Song ◽  
Lei Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Foaming Properties ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Central Composite

Yak (Bos grunniens) is an animal mainly living on the Tibetan Plateau. Yak skin is a valuable resource that is wasted in the meat production process. This study aimed to prepare yak skin gelatin hydrolysates (YSGH) from yak skin through enzymatic hydrolysis and investigate functional characterization of YSGH. We showed that trypsin was more effective than neutrase, papain, and pepsin in increasing the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of YSGH. The conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis were optimized using central composite design (CCD) and response surface method (RSM), and the highest DH value of 31.96% was obtained. We then analyzed the amino acid compositions and molecular weight distribution of peptides in YSGH. The obtained YSGH exhibited certain antioxidant activity and excellent ACE-inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.991 mg/mL). In addition, the solubility (98.79%), emulsification, and foaming properties of YSGH developed here were also evaluated. With these physicochemical and biological functions, YSGH had potential applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics as an ingredient.

The quest to achieve the detailed structural and functional characterization of CymA

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 1291-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo O. Louro ◽  
Catarina M. Paquete
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Fuel Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Shewanella Oneidensis ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Structural Behaviour ◽  
Metal Compounds ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
And Function

Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 is a sediment organism capable of dissimilatory reduction of insoluble metal compounds such as those of Fe(II) and Mn(IV). This bacterium has been used as a model organism for potential applications in bioremediation of contaminated environments and in the production of energy in microbial fuel cells. The capacity of Shewanella to perform extracellular reduction of metals is linked to the action of several multihaem cytochromes that may be periplasmic or can be associated with the inner or outer membrane. One of these cytochromes is CymA, a membrane-bound tetrahaem cytochrome localized in the periplasm that mediates the electron transfer between the quinone pool in the cytoplasmic membrane and several periplasmic proteins. Although CymA has the capacity to regulate multiple anaerobic respiratory pathways, little is known about the structure and functional mechanisms of this focal protein. Understanding the structure and function of membrane proteins is hampered by inherent difficulties associated with their purification since the choice of the detergents play a critical role in the protein structure and stability. In the present mini-review, we detail the current state of the art in the characterization of CymA, and add recent information on haem structural behaviour for CymA solubilized in different detergents. These structural differences are deduced from NMR spectroscopy data that provide information on the geometry of the haem axial ligands. At least two different conformational forms of CymA are observed for different detergents, which seem to be related to the micelle size. These results provide guidance for the discovery of the most promising detergent that mimics the native lipid bilayer and is compatible with biochemical and structural studies.

scholarly journals Beyond classic editing: innovative CRISPR approaches for functional studies of long non-coding RNA

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahlia A Awwad
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Rna Targeting ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
And Function ◽  
Long Non Coding Rna

Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) makeup a considerable part of the non-coding human genome and had been well-established as crucial players in an array of biological processes. In spite of their abundance and versatile roles, their functional characteristics remain largely undiscovered mainly due to the lack of suitable genetic manipulation tools. The emerging CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been widely adapted in several studies that aim to screen and identify novel lncRNAs as well as interrogate the functional properties of specific lncRNAs. However, the complexity of lncRNAs genes and the regulatory mechanisms that govern their transcription, as well as their unique functionality pose several limitations the utilization of classic CRISPR methods in lncRNAs functional studies. Here, we overview the unique characteristics of lncRNAs transcription and function and the suitability of the CRISPR toolbox for applications in functional characterization of lncRNAs. We discuss some of the novel variations to the classic CRISPR/Cas9 system that have been tailored and applied previously to study several aspects of lncRNAs functionality. Finally, we share perspectives on the potential applications of various CRISPR systems, including RNA-targeting, in the direct editing and manipulation of lncRNAs.

scholarly journals Functional Characterization of Pepper Vein Banding Virus-Encoded Proteins and Their Interactions: Implications in Potyvirus Infection

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1037
Author(s):  
Pallavi Sabharwal ◽  
Handanahal S. Savithri
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
Multifunctional Proteins ◽  
Intrinsically Disordered ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
Encoded Proteins ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Intracellular Fate

Pepper vein banding virus (PVBV) is a distinct species in the Potyvirus genus which infects economically important plants in several parts of India. Like other potyviruses, PVBV encodes multifunctional proteins, with several interaction partners, having implications at different stages of the potyviral infection. In this review, we summarize the functional characterization of different PVBV-encoded proteins with an emphasis on their interaction partners governing the multifunctionality of potyviral proteins. Intrinsically disordered domains/regions of these proteins play an important role in their interactions with other proteins. Deciphering the function of PVBV-encoded proteins and their interactions with cognitive partners will help in understanding the putative mechanisms by which the potyviral proteins are regulated at different stages of the viral life-cycle. This review also discusses PVBV virus-like particles (VLPs) and their potential applications in nanotechnology. Further, virus-like nanoparticle-cell interactions and intracellular fate of PVBV VLPs are also discussed.

scholarly journals Kinetics of hydrolysis of egg white protein by pepsin

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 355-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch.-Q. Ruan ◽  
Y.-J. Chi ◽  
R.-D. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Substrate Inhibition ◽  
Kinetic Equations ◽  
Egg White ◽  
Enzyme Inactivation ◽  
Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Egg White Protein ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Logarithmic Equation

Taking into account the enzyme inactivation and substrate inhibition, the bioreaction mechanism and kinetics characteristic of egg white protein (EWP) enzymatic hydrolysis by pepsin were investigated. A logarithmic equation h = (1/b) ln (1 + abt) indicating the relationship between the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and time was established. For EWP-pepsin system, the reaction mechanism could be deduced from a series of experimental results at different temperatures, pH values, substrate concentrations, and enzyme concentrations. The reaction kinetics and thermodynamic constants (K<sub>S</sub> = 3916.5 g/l, k<sub>2</sub> = 17 202.86 min<sup>&ndash;1</sup>, k<sub>d</sub> = 21 962.03, E<sub>a</sub> = 56.89 kJ/mol, E<sub>d</sub> = 51.99 kJ/mol) were responsible for the empirical equations. The results of nonlinear regression of the proposed kinetic model agreed with the experimental data, i.e. the average relative error was less than 5%. As a conclusion, the kinetic equations can be used to fit the enzymatic hydrolysis process of egg white protein and to optimise the operating parameters of bioactive peptides preparation for the bioreactor design.

Study on the Kinetics of Salmon Skin Proteolysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1706-1710
Author(s):  
Yiping Xia ◽  
Hao Yu ◽  
Yaoguang Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Kinetic Model ◽  
Kinetic Mechanism ◽  
Reaction Rate Constant ◽  
Hydrolysis Rate ◽  
Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Hydrolysis Process ◽  
Skin Protein ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

In this study, in order to study the kinetic mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of salmon protein, the kinetic model of enzymatic hydrolysis of salmon skin protein by papain was established. The skin protein of salmon was hydrolyzed by papain under the following conditions: the mass concentration of salmon skin protein is 55 g/L, the initial papain concentration is 2.0 g/L, the pH of enzymatic solution is 7.2 and the temperature of enzymatic hydrolysis is 55 °C. Finally, the kinetic model of hydrolysis was established as follows: Hydrolysis rate R =(27.217E0–0 0357S0exp[–0.2587(DH)]; Degree of hydrolysis DH = 3.879 ln[1 + 7.0165E0/S0 –0.0092t]. The reaction rate constant k3 = 27.217 min–1 and the enzyme deactivation constant kd = 7.0752 min–1 were deduced to control the enzymatic hydrolysis process. Further verification tests showed that the theoretical value of the degree of hydrolysis of the model was basically consistent with the actual value, and the kinetic model had certain practical value, indicating that the established salmon skin protease kinetic model could be used to guide and optimize the enzymatic hydrolysis process.

Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cucurbitin Using Response Surface Methodology: Improvement of the Functional Properties

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Popovic ◽  
Draginja Peričin ◽  
Žužana Vaštag ◽  
Senka Popovic
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Degree Of Hydrolysis ◽  
Foaming Properties ◽  
Enzyme Substrate ◽  
Ph Range ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of cucurbitin, extracted from pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) oil cake with bromelain, was carried out by response surface methodology (RSM). Second-order polynomial model (R2=0.791) has been proposed for the effect of time (t), and enzyme/substrate ratio (E/S) on degree of hydrolysis (DH). Conditions for obtaining maximal value of DH were determined (E/S= 0.0132 (w/w), t= 42 min). Furthermore, according to the regression equation, conditions for production of hydrolysates with target DH values were chosen. Comparison of the functional properties of cucurbitin and its hydrolysates (DH= 10%, 20% and 30%) were carried out. The solubility of the hydrolysates gradually increased with the increase of DH, in pH range of 6–8. The hydrolysate with DH=10% had the best emulsifying properties (EA=0.632 ± 0.02 A500nm, ES= 44.2min), and extent of hydrolysis decreased both emulsifying activity and emulsifying stability. All studied hydrolysates exhibited higher oil-holding capacity and have improved foaming properties compared to the original protein. DH has influence on foam capacity. The highest foam capacity has hydrolysate with DH=20% (150.3±3.66 %). Obtained results suggest that limited protease hydrolysis of cucurbitin with bromelain produces the hydrolysates with improved functional properties and indicate their possible use in different food systems.

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