scholarly journals Metabolic Effects of Testosterone Hormone Therapy in Normal and Orchiectomized Male Rats: From Indirect Calorimetry to Lipolytic Enzymes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Mustafa Ali Abulmeaty ◽  
Ali Madi Almajwal ◽  
Mohamed Farouk ElSadek ◽  
Mohamed Y Berika ◽  
Suhail Razak
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Calorimetry ◽  
Sham Group ◽  
Hormone Sensitive Lipase ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Testosterone Undecanoate ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels

Background and Aim. Changes in total energy expenditure (TEE) and substrate metabolism may help explain the metabolic actions of testosterone (T). This study measured respiratory quotient (RQ), TEE, ghrelin, insulin, and key lipolysis enzyme concentrations in relation to body weight (wt) and food intake (FI) in both normal and bilaterally orchiectomized rats with/without T treatment. Methods. In total, thirty-two male Wistar rats (300–400 g) were divided into four groups (n = 8/group), including (a) sham-operated and vehicle-injected group (Sham), (b) T-treated sham group (T-Sham) for which sham-operated rats were injected with IM testosterone undecanoate (100 mg/kg, for one week), (c) orchiectomy and vehicle-injected group (Orch), and (d) T-replaced orchiectomy group (T-Orch). After one week, FI and wt were automatically recorded, indirect calorimetry parameters were measured, and blood samples were collected to measure T, ghrelin, insulin, growth hormone (GH), glucose, hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), adipocyte triglyceride lipase (ATGL), free fatty acids (FFA), and lipid profiles. Results. Orchiectomy decreased ghrelin, GH, and insulin levels, increased TEE and RQ, and lowered FI and wt. The T-Orch group exhibited increased levels of ghrelin (3-fold), insulin, GH, blood levels of lipolysis products, TEE, and FI in addition to reduced glucose levels (P<0.05). This group demonstrated no significant changes in wt. In the T-Sham group, T increased ghrelin and insulin levels (P<0.05) with strong positive correlations (r = 0.663 and 0.644, respectively, P<0.05), increased ATGL levels, RQ toward carbohydrate utilization ranges, and TEE, and reduced HSL levels (P<0.05) with insignificant changes in FI or wt. Conclusions. T administration in orchiectomized rats significantly increased orexigenic mediators such as ghrelin and insulin without inducing any significant changes in wt. The mechanism for this finding might be the increased TEE and the stimulation of lipolysis through the ATGL enzyme. The associated rise of GH might help in interference with accumulation of lipid in adipose tissue. Apart from the effect on GH, T-Sham showed similar effects of T supplementation.

Possible role of blood insulin levels on glutathione S-transferase activities from different tissues of male rats

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina E. Carnovale ◽  
Juan A. Monti ◽  
Viviana A. Catania ◽  
Maria C. Carrillo
Keyword(s):  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Blood Insulin ◽  
Glucose Levels

The activity of in vitro glutathione S-transferase towards 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene was examined in liver, renal cortex, and small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) after the in vivo treatment of male Wistar rats with streptozotocin or alloxan. The studies were performed at 2, 10, 24, and 48 h and 7 and 15 days after streptozotocin treatment or 24 and 48 h after alloxan treatment. The results indicated that while the blood levels of insulin–glucose did not show variations, there were no alterations of the glutathione S-transferase activity in the tissues tested. On the other hand, when the treatments caused modifications on blood insulin–glucose levels, there were changes of glutathione S-transferase activity in all tissues (except in the ileum) in such a way that a direct relationship between plasma insulin levels and glutathione S-transferase activity could be demonstrated. These results were also confirmed through insulin administration to control and diabetic rats. The data demonstrate a possible regulation of glutathione S-transferase activity by blood insulin and (or) glucose levels in the tissues tested.Key words: insulin, glutathione S-transferase, streptozotocin, alloxan.

scholarly journals Evaluation of ameliorative effect of sodium nitrate in experimental model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy in male rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajar Oghbaei ◽  
Mohammad Reza Alipour ◽  
Gisou Mohaddes ◽  
Gholam Reza Hamidian ◽  
Rana Keyhanmanesh
Keyword(s):  
Serum Insulin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Diabetes Group ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Nitrate Treatment ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Ameliorative Effect ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

AbstractObjective. Diabetes induces sensory symptoms of neuropathy as positive (hyperalgesia), negative (hypoalgesia), or both.Methods. In the present study, fifty male Wistar rats were allocated to five groups: control, control+nitrate, diabetes, diabetes+insulin, and diabetes+nitrate. Thirty days after diabetes confirmation, insulin (2–4 U/day) was injected subcutaneously in diabetes+insulin group and nitrate (100 mg/l) was added into drinking water of the control+nitrate and diabetes+nitrate groups for a period of 2 months. In order to assess the mechanical and thermal algesia, tail immersion, hot plate, and von Frey tests were performed. The serum insulin levels were determined with insulin ELISA Kit. Serum level of NOx was determined by the Griess method.Results. Both thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) which was followed by a significant increase (p<0.01) in the thermal nociceptive threshold in the diabetes group. Chronic nitrate or insulin treatment led to a significant decrease (p<0.01) in blood glucose levels, as well as a significant (p<0.05) increase in the body weight and serum NOx. Moreover, nitrate treatment significantly increased serum insulin levels (p<0.001) compared to the other groups.Conclusion. Chronic nitrate treatment modified the thermal and mechanical sensitivities in diabetic animals.

Influence of fasting on carbohydrate and fat metabolism during rest and exercise in men

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1923-1929 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Knapik ◽  
C. N. Meredith ◽  
B. H. Jones ◽  
L. Suek ◽  
V. R. Young ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Muscle Glycogen ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Carbohydrate Oxidation ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Carbohydrate Utilization ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Glucose Flux

Metabolic effects of an overnight fast (postabsorptive state, PA) or a 3.5-day fast (fasted state, F) were compared in eight healthy young men at rest and during exercise to exhaustion at 45% maximum O2 uptake. Glucose rate of appearance (Ra) and disappearance (Rd) were calculated from plasma glucose enrichment during a primed, continuous infusion of [6,6–2H]glucose. Serum substrates and insulin levels were measured and glycogen content of the vastus lateralis was determined in biopsies taken before and after exercise. At rest, whole-body glucose flux (determined by the deuterated tracer) and carbohydrate oxidation (determined from respiratory exchange ratio) were lower in F than PA, but muscle glycogen levels were similar. During exercise, glucose flux, whole-body carbohydrate oxidation, and the rate of muscle glycogen utilization were significantly lower during the fast. In the PA state, glucose Ra and Rd increased together throughout exercise. However, in the F state Ra exceeded Rd during the 1st h of exercise, causing an increase in plasma glucose to levels similar to those of the PA state. The increase in glucose flux was markedly less throughout F exercise. Lower carbohydrate utilization in the F state was accompanied by higher circulating fatty acids and ketone bodies, lower plasma insulin levels, and the maintenance of physical performance reflected by similar time to exhaustion.

Gender-specific regulation of pancreatic islet blood flow, insulin levels and glycaemia in spontaneously diabetic Goto–Kakizaki rats

2008 ◽  
Vol 115 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Huang ◽  
Leif Jansson ◽  
Åke Sjöholm
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Enzyme Inhibitor ◽  
Serum Insulin ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Islet Blood Flow ◽  
Specific Regulation

Patients with diabetes are often treated with a statin for hyperlipidaemia and an ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor antagonist for hypertension or albuminuria. These drugs may also exert beneficial metabolic effects, causing improved glucose tolerance in patients. Gender-related differences have also been observed in the clinical responsiveness to these drugs, but the mechanism behind this is unclear. In the present study, we have investigated whether these drugs and the fatty acid palmitate influence the pancreatic microcirculation, thereby having an impact on insulin secretion and glycaemia in vivo, in spontaneously diabetic male and female Goto–Kakizaki rats. In male rats, pancreatic IBF (islet blood flow) and total PBF (pancreatic blood flow) were increased significantly by pravastatin, captopril and irbesartan. Serum insulin levels were increased by pravastatin and captopril. Palmitate suppressed pancreatic IBF and increased blood glucose. In female animals, pancreatic IBF was stimulated by captopril, candesartan and irbesartan. Total PBF was increased by captopril, candesartan and irbesartan, and by pravastatin. Palmitate suppressed pancreatic IBF and serum insulin secretion. In conclusion, the present study lends support to the view that a local pancreatic RAS (renin–angiotensin system) and pravastatin may be selectively influencing the pancreatic microcirculation and therefore affecting insulin secretion and glycaemia. NEFAs (non-esterified fatty acids) impaired pancreatic IBF, suppressed insulin secretion and increased blood glucose. Substantial gender-related differences in the vascular and metabolic responses to these drugs prevail in this animal model of diabetes.

METABOLIC EFFECTS OF UREA ADMINISTRATION ON ACUTE HYPOTHERMIA IN RATS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 709-714
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Successful Resuscitation ◽  
Glucose Levels

Acute hypothermia (15 °C rectal temperature) has been induced in fasted rats with and without prior intraperitoneal administration of urea. In the hypothermic animal, not given urea, blood glucose and pH were significantly decreased; blood lactic acid, inorganic phosphorus, and packed cell volume were significantly increased; no alterations occurred in blood levels of pyruvic acid, total acid-soluble phosphorus, urea, nor amino nitrogen. Prior administration of urea prevented significant alterations of blood glucose and lactic acid in the cooled animal. In the non-cooled animal, urea treatment resulted in elevated blood glucose levels. These effects are discussed in relation to the beneficial action of urea in permitting successful resuscitation and survival in a normal condition of rats cooled to rectal temperatures of 0–3 °C.

scholarly journals Metabolic and Hormonal Effects of Antenatal Betamethasone after 35 Weeks of Gestation

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-143
Author(s):  
Popi Sifianou ◽  
Voula Thanou ◽  
Helen Karga
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Serum Cortisol ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Elective Cesarean Section ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Elective Cesarean

BACKGROUND: Antenatal corticosteroid therapy recently has been considered for term and near-term infants, in addition to preterm infants, delivered by elective cesarean section, with the aim of preventing an adverse respiratory outcome. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to investigate hormonal and metabolic effects of antenatal betamethasone when administered to term fetuses. METHODS: Cord blood levels of cortisol, C-peptide, insulin-like growth factor I and its binding protein 3, and 5 more analytes including glucose were measured in singleton newborns of over 35 weeks of gestational age. In anticipation of a cesarean delivery, the mother was either treated or not treated with 12 mg of intramuscularly administered antenatal betamethasone approximately 24 hours prior to birth. Babies of comparable gestational age, sex, and nutritional status who were not treated antenatally served as controls. RESULTS: Cord serum cortisol levels of the betamethasone-treated fetuses were suppressed to &lt;10% of that of untreated controls (median levels of 11.6 nmol/L vs. 138.2 nmol/L, respectively), and their C-peptide and glucose levels were significantly higher (2.85 mcg/L vs. 1.19 mcg/L, respectively, p &lt; 0.0001; and 62.5 mg/dL vs. 56.0 mg/dL, respectively, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic betamethasone therapy causes immediate hormonal alterations, which might interfere with the metabolic adaptation of the newborn. This issue deserves thorough investigation.

Glucose loading and dehydration in the camel

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 690-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Yagil ◽  
G. M. Berlyne
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Glucose Loading ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Excess Loss ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Five female bedouin camels were subjected to large infusions of glucose, both when water was readily available and following 10 days of water deprivation. When the camels were hydrated the extra glucose was readily given off in the urine with only a slight increase in blood levels. Following dehydration, the blood glucose levels increased greatly while the urinary excretion was limited. Dehydration led to decreased blood insulin levels, while glucose infusion led to increased levels. The data show that the acclimatization of the camel to dehydration is not only a question of long-term adaption to desert conditions but that even following acute nonphysiological stress, i.e., glucosuria, excess loss of body water was prevented.

METABOLIC EFFECTS OF UREA ADMINISTRATION ON ACUTE HYPOTHERMIA IN RATS

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (7) ◽  
pp. 709-714
Author(s):  
John R. Beaton
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Total Acid ◽  
Successful Resuscitation ◽  
Glucose Levels

Acute hypothermia (15 °C rectal temperature) has been induced in fasted rats with and without prior intraperitoneal administration of urea. In the hypothermic animal, not given urea, blood glucose and pH were significantly decreased; blood lactic acid, inorganic phosphorus, and packed cell volume were significantly increased; no alterations occurred in blood levels of pyruvic acid, total acid-soluble phosphorus, urea, nor amino nitrogen. Prior administration of urea prevented significant alterations of blood glucose and lactic acid in the cooled animal. In the non-cooled animal, urea treatment resulted in elevated blood glucose levels. These effects are discussed in relation to the beneficial action of urea in permitting successful resuscitation and survival in a normal condition of rats cooled to rectal temperatures of 0–3 °C.

scholarly journals Activity of Muntingia calabura Leaves Ethanolic Extract on Glucose and Insulin Blood Levels in Streptozotocin-induced Rat

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Suci Syahara ◽  
Urip Harahap ◽  
Tri Widyawati
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Blood Insulin ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Muntingia Calabura

Objectives: The research  aims to determine the effect of Muntingia calabura leaves extract on improving diabetes conditions, by analyzing blood glucose and insulin levels of male Rattus novergicus which is given high fat diet and induce streptozotocin 30 mg/kg BB with a two-week interval. Design: This research was a purely experimental with pretest and post test control group design. This research was divides into 6 groups. Three treatment groups were treated by Muntingia calabura leaves extract with the doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg. Other groups are negative control (CMC-Na), positive control (glibenklamid) and normal control. Interventions: The variables specified in this study are variations in the concentration of extract used. variations in extract concentration are expected to affect the results of glucose concentration and blood insulin in rats. Main outcome measure: The main parameters measured in this study were rat blood glucose and insulin levels. Results: The result of this research indicate that the ethanol extract of Muntingia calabura leaves able to reduce blood glucose levels effectively at dose 500 mg/kg (97, 17 mg/dL) so that insulin levels increase well (0,839 µg/mL). Conclusion: Muntingia calabura leaves ethanol extract can reduce glucose levels and increase blood insulin levels in rats.  

INDUCTION OF GOITRE BY PTU OR KClO4 IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS. EFFECT OF GONADECTOMY

1973 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Jolín ◽  
M. J. Tarin ◽  
M. D. Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Content ◽  
High Plasma ◽  
Disc Electrophoresis ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Tsh Levels

ABSTRACT Male and female rats of varying ages were placad on a low iodine diet (LID) plus KClO4 or 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) or on the same diet supplemented with I (control rats). Goitrogenesis was also induced with LID plus PTU in gonadectomized animals of both sexes. The weight of the control and goitrogen treated animals, and the weight and iodine content of their thyroids were determined, as well as the plasma PBI, TSH, insulin and glucose levels. The pituitary GH-like protein content was assessed by disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. If goitrogenesis was induced in young rats of both sexes starting with rats of the same age, body weight (B.W.) and pituitary growth hormone (GH) content, it was found that both the males and females developed goitres of the same size. On the contrary, when goitrogenesis was induced in adult animals, it was found that male rats, that had larger B.W. and pituitary GH content than age-paired females, developed larger goitres. However, both male and female rats were in a hypothyroid condition of comparable degree as judged by the thyroidal iodine content and the plasma PBI and TSH levels. When all the data on the PTU or KClO4-treated male and female rats of varying age and B.W. were considered together, it was observed that the weights of the thyroids increased proportionally to B.W. However, a difference in the slope of the regression of the thyroid weight over B.W. was found between male and female rats, due to the fact that adult male rats develop larger goitres than female animals. In addition, in the male rats treated with PTU, gonadectomy decreased the B.W., pituitary content of GH-like protein and, concomitantly, the size of the goitre decreased; an opposite effect was induced by ovariectomy on the female animals. However, when goitrogenesis was induced in weight-paired adult rats of both sexes, the male animals still developed larger goitres than the females. Among all the parameters studied here, the only ones which appeared to bear a consistent relationship with the size of the goitres in rats of different sexes, treated with a given goitrogen, were the rate of body growth and the amount of a pituitary GH-like protein found before the onset of the goitrogen treatment. Moreover, though the pituitary content of the GH-like protein decreased as a consequence of goitrogen treatment, it was still somewhat higher in male that in female animals. The present results suggest that GH may somehow be involved in the mechanism by which male and female rats on goitrogens develop goitres of different sizes, despite equally high plasma TSH levels.

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