scholarly journals The Search for an Efficient Black Fly Trap for Xenomonitoring of Onchocerciasis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Kenneth B. Otabil ◽  
Samuel F. Gyasi ◽  
Esi Awuah ◽  
Daniels Obeng-Ofori ◽  
Mario A. Rodríguez-Pérez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Disease Dynamics ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Health Community ◽  
Human Landing ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The 1960S

Onchocerciasis is a neglected tropical disease that has plagued mankind for decades with pathologies that involve the eyes and the skin. The WHO and the global health community have earmarked the disease for global elimination by 2045. However, as control programmes shift focus from reduction of the burden of the disease to elimination, new tools and strategies may be needed to meet targets. Monitoring Onchocerca volvulus larvae in the black fly vectors is an important tool needed to monitor disease dynamics and certify elimination. For decades, human landing collections have been the sole means of acquiring vectors for monitoring of the disease. This procedure has been plagued with ethical concerns and sometimes the inability to harvest enough black flies needed to carry out effective monitoring. Since the 1960s, the WHO recognized the need to replace human landing collections but relatively few field studies have designed and tested alternative traps. This review article systematically discusses some of the key traps tested, their successes, and their challenges. It is the aim of the review to direct research and development focus to the most successful and promising vector traps which could potentially replace the human landing collections.

scholarly journals Biological Control of Acaudalerodes Rachipora (Singh) (Hemiptera: Alerodidae) by the Entomopathogenic Fungi on in Field

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 682-687
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
College Of Agriculture ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Fungus Spore

This study was conducted in the College of Agriculture fields /University of Baghdad, during Autumn 2013. This study was aimed to examine the mortality rate on the all black fly stages of Acaudalerodes rachipora Singh) by the biotic fungus Beuveria bassiana. The results of a preliminary survey showed that the samples of Ziziphus spaina christi were infested by blakflies in Agriculture collage during Autumn seasons of 2013 , the presence of species of black flies A. rachipora on the lower surface of the leaf, the study aimed to study and research the effects of fungus B. bassiana on black fly A. rachipora. After six days of treatment results showed the continued superiority 106 spore / ml trends in the western, southern and eastern being 34.64, 31.77 and 20.8% respectively, while outweigh the moral fungus concentration 108, which was treated by insect instars in the direction north by killing 26.32% on the rest concentrations of fungus, which was treated by insect instars to the same direction the latter, note from the results above the high mortality rates with time as increased rates of initial mortality rates,. Finally reflected clearly outweigh the concentration of 108 fungus spore / ml in all directions western, southern, northern and eastern mortality rates 65.35, 62.84, 50.89 and 46.34%, respectively, compared with mortality rates made by the concentrations of other used in the experiment of the directions of the four that did not show significant differences in their impact on the roles of insect and thus increased mortality rates in the field with the time. We recommend conducting further field studies of fungus to determine the extent of efficiency in the field, according to local conditions and to determine its role in regulating the population of black flies and study the compatibility of the fungus with other control methods.

scholarly journals Competing interests, clashing ideas and institutionalizing influence: insights into the political economy of malaria control from seven African countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Parkhurst ◽  
Ludovica Ghilardi ◽  
Jayne Webster ◽  
Robert W Snow ◽  
Caroline A Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Malaria Control ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Health Community ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Control Decision ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Economic Considerations

Abstract This article explores how malaria control in sub-Saharan Africa is shaped in important ways by political and economic considerations within the contexts of aid-recipient nations and the global health community. Malaria control is often assumed to be a technically driven exercise: the remit of public health experts and epidemiologists who utilize available data to select the most effective package of activities given available resources. Yet research conducted with national and international stakeholders shows how the realities of malaria control decision-making are often more nuanced. Hegemonic ideas and interests of global actors, as well as the national and global institutional arrangements through which malaria control is funded and implemented, can all influence how national actors respond to malaria. Results from qualitative interviews in seven malaria-endemic countries indicate that malaria decision-making is constrained or directed by multiple competing objectives, including a need to balance overarching global goals with local realities, as well as a need for National Malaria Control Programmes to manage and coordinate a range of non-state stakeholders who may divide up regions and tasks within countries. Finally, beyond the influence that political and economic concerns have over programmatic decisions and action, our analysis further finds that malaria control efforts have institutionalized systems, structures and processes that may have implications for local capacity development.

ECOLOGY OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) OF THE SOURIS RIVER, MANITOBA AS A BASIS FOR CONTROL STRATEGY

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Westwood ◽  
R. A. Brust
Keyword(s):  
Control Program ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Simulium Vittatum ◽  
Late Instar ◽  
Simulium Decorum ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Wire Cage

AbstractTen species of black flies were collected from the Souris River, Manitoba between April 1977 and October 1978. Adults of Simulium luggeri Nicholson and Mickel, Simulium meridionale Riley, Simulium venustum Say, Simulium verecundum Stone and Jamnback, and Simulium johannseni johannseni (Hart) were collected feeding on livestock and humans, and are well known pest species. Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt was the most abundant species, but was not a pest on man or domestic animals. Simulium tuberosum (Lundström) and Simulium johannseni duplex Shewell and Fredeen were the least abundant species. Simulium j. johannseni, S. j. duplex, S. venustum, S. verecundum, S. tuberosum, and Cnephia dacotensis (Dyar and Shannon) appeared to be univoltine species while S. luggeri, S. meridionale, Simulium decorum Walker, and S. vittatum were multivoltine in the Souris River.An evaluation of cone, plate, rope, and wire cage sampling devices for black fly larvae and pupae indicated that cone samplers provided a more representative sample for population assessment.In a black fly control program, of the Souris River, Manitoba two separate larvicide treatments in spring may be necessary. In the case of two treatments, the first should be aimed at late instar larvae of S. j. johannseni, S. venustum, and S. verecundum. Since the majority of S. luggeri and S. meridionale would be in the egg stage at this time, a second treatment, 10–14 days later, would be necessary to control late instar larvae of these species.

UNDERSTANDING THE FEVZI ÇAKMAK NEIGHBORHOOD: THROUGH ITS PAST, PRESENT AND PLANNED TOMORROW

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 365-384
Author(s):  
Filiz SÖNMEZ ◽  
Hatice DOĞAN ◽  
Okan KARAKAŞ
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Grocery Store ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Organizational Relationships ◽  
Republican Period ◽  
Historical Continuity ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 1960S

Mahalle is a place name derived from the Arabic roots halel and hulul, meaning “to land, to settle down” (Turkish Dictionary, 1998). In addition to the residential structures within a neighborhood, it has a mosque, primary school, fountain, baths, a grocery store, bakery, parks, etc. It is the smallest settlement in a city. On the other hand, socially a neighborhood refers to a community that is placed somewhere and has organizational relationships. The neighborhood phenomenon is one of the most important legacies that continue from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic. During the Republican period, many new neighborhoods have also been established, often formed by adhering to a plan. In this study, the formation of Fevzi Çakmak neighborhood, one of the neighborhoods designed according to the Kayseri ARU-Oelsner (1945) zoning plan, and the change that the neighborhood has undergone from the past to the present will be examined. According to the data obtained, the aim of the Kayseri ARU-Oelsner zoning plan is to contribute to the Urban Transformation Project of Fevzi Çakmak neighborhood, which will be planned by the local government in the future. Literature and field studies, document analysis and oral history studies will be used as methods in the study. In this context, maps belonging to the neighborhood, zoning plans, Kayseri Metropolitan Municipality and Kocasinan Municipality archive records and old photographs will be provided. The Fevzi Çakmak neighborhood, which was built in the 1960s, has a grid plan type and is one of the modern neighborhoods that have contributed to the development of the city in an east direction. A city analysis will be carried out in historical continuity from the establishment of Fevzi Çakmak neighborhood to the present day. It is believed that detecting interventions in significant areas of change/transformation of the neighborhood will make significant contributions to the future urban transformation project. Accordingly, it is proposed that the analysis to be conducted in the neighborhood be evaluated within a theoretical framework which is known in Urban Planning as “we-zoning and Hoyt classification”. Accordingly, the areas identified in the neighborhood in the present study will be evaluated within the scope of “protection”, “correction” (improvement) and “renewal” strategies. It is expected that this work, carried out in the Kayseri Fevzi Çakmak neighborhood, will contribute to urban planning and transformation projects and architectural discussions throughout the country.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Partially Submerged Sticky Traps On Lake Spillways For Adult Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) Surveillance and Arbovirus Detection

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-310
Author(s):  
Michael C. Cavallaro ◽  
Eric Risley ◽  
Paige Lockburner
Keyword(s):  
Adult Female ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Culex Mosquito ◽  
Sticky Traps ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Equine Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Simulium Decorum ◽  
Average Standard Error

ABSTRACT Sentinel surveillance systems demonstrate an improved ability to supplement monitoring data and anticipate arbovirus outbreaks (i.e., sentinel avian species). Management complications can arise during unpredictable or unseasonal disease detections, especially in rural areas where resident distribution is patchy. Using spillways near residential lake communities as static surveillance locations, we tested a novel partially submerged sticky trapping technique and screened wild populations of adult female black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) for West Nile virus (WNV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). Trap site selection criteria considered the density of immature black fly colonization on spillway surfaces and the number of positive detections of arboviral targets in nearby Culex mosquito populations. On average (±standard error), sticky traps captured 134 (±33) adult black flies over a 24-h period, with 1 trap capturing as many as 735 individuals. Although we detected positive cases of WNV from 20 Culex mosquito trapping sites within 16 km (approx. flight radius) of the selected lake spillways, mixed pools of adult female Simulium vittatum complex and Simulium decorum were all negative for both arboviruses. This study yielded an application for partially submerged sticky traps to collect adult female black flies. Its potential uses for monitoring the infection rates of more well-documented Simulium parasites are discussed.

scholarly journals Surveillance along the Rio Grande during the 2020 Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreak Reveals Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of and Viral RNA Detection in Black Flies

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1264
Author(s):  
Katherine I. Young ◽  
Federico Valdez ◽  
Christina Vaquera ◽  
Carlos Campos ◽  
Lawrence Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) emerges periodically from its focus of endemic transmission in southern Mexico to cause epizootics in livestock in the US. The ecology of VSV involves a diverse, but largely undefined, repertoire of potential reservoir hosts and invertebrate vectors. As part of a larger program to decipher VSV transmission, we conducted a study of the spatiotemporal dynamics of Simulium black flies, a known vector of VSV, along the Rio Grande in southern New Mexico, USA from March to December 2020. Serendipitously, the index case of VSV-Indiana (VSIV) in the USA in 2020 occurred at a central point of our study. Black flies appeared soon after the release of the Rio Grande’s water from an upstream dam in March 2020. Two-month and one-year lagged precipitation, maximum temperature, and vegetation greenness, measured as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), were associated with increased black fly abundance. We detected VSIV RNA in 11 pools comprising five black fly species using rRT-PCR; five pools yielded a VSIV sequence. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of VSV in the western US from vectors that were not collected on premises with infected domestic animals.

Human African trypanosomiasis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1451-1459
Author(s):  
Reto Brun ◽  
Johannes Blum
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Human African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
African Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Stage 1

Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) is caused by subspecies of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The disease is restricted to tropical Africa where it is transmitted by the bite of infected tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). Control programmes in the 1960s were very effective, but subsequent relaxation of control measures led to recurrence of epidemic proportions in the 1980s and 1990s. Control is now being regained. Untreated human African trypanosomiasis is almost invariably fatal. Specific treatment depends on the trypanosome subspecies and the stage of the disease. Drugs used for stage 1 include pentamidine and suramin, and for stage 2 include melarsoprol, eflornithine, and nifurtimox, but regimens are not standardized, and treatment is difficult and dangerous; all of the drugs used have many side effects, some potentially lethal.

Host–Parasite Behavioral Interactions in a Recently Introduced, Whooping Crane Population

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. King ◽  
Patrick C. McKann ◽  
Brian R. Gray ◽  
Michael S. Putnam
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Whooping Crane ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
Grus Canadensis ◽  
Sandhill Crane ◽  
Conservation History ◽  
Whooping Cranes ◽  
Sandhill Cranes

Abstract The whooping crane Grus americana has a long conservation history, but despite multiple attempts across North America, introduction success is lacking. Recently introduced, captively reared whooping cranes have had periods of poor reproductive performance in central Wisconsin that sometimes coincided with black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) emergences. Sandhill crane Grus canadensis reproductive performance in central Wisconsin is approximately double that of whooping cranes. We used comfort behaviors as a measure of black fly harassment to infer whether behavioral differences existed between nesting sandhill cranes and nesting whooping cranes and between successful and unsuccessful whooping crane pairs. To further explore the interaction between black flies and incubating whooping cranes, we examined differences in behaviors between incubating birds and their off-nest mates. Compared to their off-nest mates, incubating whooping cranes exhibited elevated comfort behaviors, suggesting a bird at a nest may experience greater harassment from black flies. Sandhill cranes had elevated head-flicks over whooping cranes. Whooping cranes exhibited more head-rubs than sandhill cranes, and successful whooping crane pairs had elevated head-rubs over pairs that deserted their nests. Behavioral differences between sandhill cranes and whooping cranes as well as differences in reproductive performance, could be explained by exposure to local breeding conditions. Whereas sandhill cranes have nested in the area for hundreds, if not thousands, of years, whooping cranes were only recently introduced to the area. Behavioral differences between the species as well as those between successful and unsuccessful whooping crane pairs could also be explained by the effect of captive exposure, which could affect all whooping crane introductions.

scholarly journals Riboflavin-Targeted Drug Delivery

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milita Darguzyte ◽  
Natascha Drude ◽  
Twan Lammers ◽  
Fabian Kiessling
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Carrier Protein ◽  
Tumor Stem Cells ◽  
Vitamin B9 ◽  
Riboflavin Carrier Protein ◽  
Targeted Drug ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Tumor Types

Active targeting can improve the retention of drugs and drug delivery systems in tumors, thereby enhancing their therapeutic efficacy. In this context, vitamin receptors that are overexpressed in many cancers are promising targets. In the last decade, attention and research were mainly centered on vitamin B9 (folate) targeting; however, the focus is slowly shifting towards vitamin B2 (riboflavin). Interestingly, while the riboflavin carrier protein was discovered in the 1960s, the three riboflavin transporters (RFVT 1-3) were only identified recently. It has been shown that riboflavin transporters and the riboflavin carrier protein are overexpressed in many tumor types, tumor stem cells, and the tumor neovasculature. Furthermore, a clinical study has demonstrated that tumor cells exhibit increased riboflavin metabolism as compared to normal cells. Moreover, riboflavin and its derivatives have been conjugated to ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles, polyethylene glycol polymers, dendrimers, and liposomes. These conjugates have shown a high affinity towards tumors in preclinical studies. This review article summarizes knowledge on RFVT expression in healthy and pathological tissues, discusses riboflavin internalization pathways, and provides an overview of RF-targeted diagnostics and therapeutics.

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