scholarly journals Surveillance along the Rio Grande during the 2020 Vesicular Stomatitis Outbreak Reveals Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of and Viral RNA Detection in Black Flies

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1264
Author(s):  
Katherine I. Young ◽  
Federico Valdez ◽  
Christina Vaquera ◽  
Carlos Campos ◽  
Lawrence Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Black Flies ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Black Fly ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) emerges periodically from its focus of endemic transmission in southern Mexico to cause epizootics in livestock in the US. The ecology of VSV involves a diverse, but largely undefined, repertoire of potential reservoir hosts and invertebrate vectors. As part of a larger program to decipher VSV transmission, we conducted a study of the spatiotemporal dynamics of Simulium black flies, a known vector of VSV, along the Rio Grande in southern New Mexico, USA from March to December 2020. Serendipitously, the index case of VSV-Indiana (VSIV) in the USA in 2020 occurred at a central point of our study. Black flies appeared soon after the release of the Rio Grande’s water from an upstream dam in March 2020. Two-month and one-year lagged precipitation, maximum temperature, and vegetation greenness, measured as Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), were associated with increased black fly abundance. We detected VSIV RNA in 11 pools comprising five black fly species using rRT-PCR; five pools yielded a VSIV sequence. To our knowledge, this is the first detection of VSV in the western US from vectors that were not collected on premises with infected domestic animals.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variations of Daytime Land Surface Temperature and Their Underlying Drivers over Wuhan, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 323
Author(s):  
Liang Chen ◽  
Xuelei Wang ◽  
Xiaobin Cai ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Xiaorong Lu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Maximum Temperature Difference ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Rapid urbanization greatly alters land surface vegetation cover and heat distribution, leading to the development of the urban heat island (UHI) effect and seriously affecting the healthy development of cities and the comfort of living. As an indicator of urban health and livability, monitoring the distribution of land surface temperature (LST) and discovering its main impacting factors are receiving increasing attention in the effort to develop cities more sustainably. In this study, we analyzed the spatial distribution patterns of LST of the city of Wuhan, China, from 2013 to 2019. We detected hot and cold poles in four seasons through clustering and outlier analysis (based on Anselin local Moran’s I) of LST. Furthermore, we introduced the geographical detector model to quantify the impact of six physical and socio-economic factors, including the digital elevation model (DEM), index-based built-up index (IBI), modified normalized difference water index (MNDWI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), population, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on the LST distribution of Wuhan. Finally, to identify the influence of land cover on temperature, the LST of croplands, woodlands, grasslands, and built-up areas was analyzed. The results showed that low temperatures are mainly distributed over water and woodland areas, followed by grasslands; high temperatures are mainly concentrated over built-up areas. The maximum temperature difference between land covers occurs in spring and summer, while this difference can be ignored in winter. MNDWI, IBI, and NDVI are the key driving factors of the thermal values change in Wuhan, especially of their interaction. We found that the temperature of water area and urban green space (woodlands and grasslands) tends to be 5.4 °C and 2.6 °C lower than that of built-up areas. Our research results can contribute to the urban planning and urban greening of Wuhan and promote the healthy and sustainable development of the city.

scholarly journals NDVI e fluxo de CO2 em lavoura de soja no Rio Grande do Sul

2013 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celso Pinheiro Rodrigues ◽  
Denise Cybis Fontana ◽  
Osvaldo Luiz Leal de Moraes ◽  
Débora Regina Roberti
Keyword(s):  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul

O aumento das emissões dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE) se configura, atualmente, como um dos principais problemas ambientais, o que pode afetar significativamente as atividades humanas e os ecossistemas terrestres. Um dos principais GEE é o CO2, o qual tem sido emitido indiscriminadamente em função do estilo de vida atual, assim como pela intensificação das atividades agrícolas. Neste contexto, o objetivo da pesquisa foi estudar a relação entre o comportamento espectral da cultura de soja ao longo de seu ciclo de desenvolvimento, utilizando imagens NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) e o fluxo de CO2, calculado pelo método de covariância de vórtices (eddy covariance), gerando informações e metodologia para investigar as trocas de carbono em uma área de cultivo de soja no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, durante a safra de 2008/2009. Utilizou-se imagens TM do satélite Landsat 5, dados fenológicos e dados coletados em estação micrometeorológica ao longo do ciclo de desenvolvimento da soja. Os resultados mostraram que o padrão temporal do fluxo de CO2 ao longo do dia é cíclico, sendo que no período diurno apresenta valores negativos (captura) e no período noturno, positivos (liberação). A radiação solar global determina a magnitude do aprisionamento de CO2 pela cultura da soja, mas o fluxo é modulado pelo estádio fenológico da cultura. A atividade fotossintética das plantas de soja é maior durante o estádio vegetativo, quando coincide a maior incidência de radiação solar e o maior aparato fotossintético. O NDVI, obtido de imagens Landsat, é um indicador da evolução da biomassa da soja ao longo do ciclo. Existe correlação entre o NDVI e o fluxo negativo de CO2 (captura), ocorridos no período diurno. Portanto, técnicas de sensoriamento remoto demonstram potencialidade na geração de informações úteis sobre as trocas de CO2 entre a superfície e a atmosfera.

scholarly journals Estimation of Crop Water Deficit in Lower Bari Doab, Pakistan Using Reflection-Based Crop Coefficient

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Muhammad Asif Javed ◽  
Sajid Rashid Ahmad ◽  
Wakas Karim Awan ◽  
Bilal Ahmed Munir
Keyword(s):  
Water Deficit ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Filter Method ◽  
Command Area ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Crop Coefficients

There is a global realization in all governmental setups of the need to provoke the efficient appraisal of crop water budgeting in order to manage water resources efficiently. This study aims to use the satellite remote sensing techniques to determine the water deficit in the crop rich Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC) command area. Crop classification was performed using multi-temporal NDVI profiles of Landsat-8 imagery by distinguishing the crop cycles based on reflectance curves. The reflectance-based crop coefficients (Kc) were derived by linear regression between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) cycles of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) MOD13Q1 and MYD13Q1 products and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) defined crop coefficients. A MODIS 250 m NDVI product of the last 10 years (2004-2013) was used to identify the best performing crop cycle using Fourier filter method. The meteorological parameters including rainfall and temperature substantiated the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) calculated using the Hargreaves method. The difference of potential ET and actual ET, derived from the reflectance-based Kc calculated using reference NDVI and current NDVI, generates the water deficit. Results depict the strong correlation between ET, temperature and rainfall, as the regions having maximum temperature resulted in high ET and low rainfall and vice versa. The derived Kc values were observed to be accurate when compared with the crop calendar. Results revealed maximum water deficit at middle stage of the crops, which were observed to be particularly higher at the tail of the canal command. Moreover, results also depicted that kharif (summer) crops suffer higher deficit in comparison to rabi (winter) crops due to higher ET demand caused by higher temperature. Results of the research can be utilized for rational allocation of canal supplies and guiding farmers towards usage of alternate sources to avoid crop water stress.

scholarly journals Hydrological Condition Constrains Vegetation Dynamics for Wintering Waterfowl in China’s East Dongting Lake Wetland

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 4936 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Wang ◽  
Qing Gu ◽  
Guihua Liu ◽  
Jingwei Shen ◽  
Xuguang Tang
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Dynamics ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Dongting Lake ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Wintering Waterfowl ◽  
The Government

As an internationally important wintering region for waterfowls on the East Asian–Australasian Flyway, the national reserve of China’s East Dongting Lake wetland is abundant in animal and plant resources during winter. The hydrological regimes, as well as vegetation dynamics, in the wetland have experienced substantial changes due to global climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, such as the construction of hydroelectric dams. However, few studies have investigated how the wetland vegetation has changed over time, particularly during the wintering season, and how this has directly affected habitat suitability for migratory waterfowl. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the spatio-temporal dynamics of vegetation in the protected wetland and explore the potential factors that alter it. In this study, the data set of time-series Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from 2000 to 2018 was used to analyze the seasonal dynamics and interannual trends of vegetation over the wintering period from October to January. The results showed that the average NDVI exhibited an overall increasing trend, with the trend rising slowly in recent years. The largest monthly mean NDVI generally occurred in November, which is pertinent to the quantity of wintering waterfowl in the East Dongting Lake wetland. Meanwhile, the mean NDVI in the wintering season is significantly correlated to temperature and water area, with apparent lagging effects. Long-term stability analysis presented a gradually decreasing pattern from the central body of water to the surrounding area. All analyses will help the government to make appropriate management strategies to protect the habitat of wintering waterfowl in the wetland.

scholarly journals Assessing the Use of Sentinel-2 Time Series Data for Monitoring Cork Oak Decline in Portugal

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 2515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Navarro ◽  
Joao Catalao ◽  
Joao Calvao
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Cork Oak ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Oak Decline ◽  
Sentinel 2

In Portugal, cork oak (Quercus suber L.) stands cover 737 Mha, being the most predominant species of the montado agroforestry system, contributing to the economic, social and environmental development of the country. Cork oak decline is a known problem since the late years of the 19th century that has recently worsened. The causes of oak decline seem to be a result of slow and cumulative processes, although the role of each environmental factor is not yet established. The availability of Sentinel-2 high spatial and temporal resolution dense time series enables monitoring of gradual processes. These processes can be monitored using spectral vegetation indices (VI) as their temporal dynamics are expected to be related with green biomass and photosynthetic efficiency. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is sensitive to structural canopy changes, however it tends to saturate at moderate-to-dense canopies. Modified VI have been proposed to incorporate the reflectance in the red-edge spectral region, which is highly sensitive to chlorophyll content while largely unaffected by structural properties. In this research, in situ data on the location and vitality status of cork oak trees are used to assess the correlation between chlorophyll indices (CI) and NDVI time series trends and cork oak vitality at the tree level. Preliminary results seem to be promising since differences between healthy and unhealthy (diseased/dead) trees were observed.

scholarly journals Variações da reflectância e dos índices de vegetação em função dos parâmetros da modelagem topográfica no Parque Estadual do Turvo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Gaida ◽  
Fabio Marcelo Breunig ◽  
Lênio Soares Galvão ◽  
Thiago Souza Teles ◽  
Rafaelo Balbinot
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Enhanced Vegetation Index ◽  
Aster Gdem

<p>Técnicas de sensoriamento remoto têm sido amplamente utilizadas em estudos florestais, por permitirem avaliar e monitorar importantes áreas florestais, como as do Parque Estadual do Turvo (PET). O PET é o maior remanescente de floresta subtropical decídua do sul do Brasil. Contudo, fatores externos como efeitos topográficos podem influenciar a resposta espectral dos alvos nos produtos de satélites. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a magnitude das variações na reflectância de superfície e nos índices de vegetação em função das características topográficas locais. A metodologia desenvolvida incluiu a aquisição de dados do sensor RapidEye e o modelo digital de elevação ASTER GDEM 2. O efeito da variação da geometria de iluminação foi avaliado a partir de duas cenas RapidEye: junho e outubro de 2012. Dados de orientação de vertentes, altimetria e relevo sombreado foram gerados a partir do ASTER GDEM 2, permitindo avaliar o efeito topográfico sobre a reflectância e os índices de vegetação Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) e Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI). Os resultados mostraram que as variaveis topográficas afetam a reflectâcia de todas as bandas RapidEye e os índices de vegetação, especialmente o EVI. Os efeitos topográficos foram mais pronunciados em junho (maior ângulo zenital solar - AZS) do que em outubro (menor AZS). O NDVI foi menos afetado pelas variações sazonais das condições de iluminação e da fenologia do que o EVI. Quanto a orientação, os maiores valores de reflectância e índices de vegetação foram encontrados na orientação norte e os menores na orientação sul.</p>

scholarly journals USO DO ÍNDICE TVDI E MODELO HAND PARA CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE CONDIÇÃO HÍDRICA

Irriga ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucimara Wolfarth Schirmbeck ◽  
Denise Cybis Fontana ◽  
Juliano Schirmbeck ◽  
Vagner Paz Mengue
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
United States Geological Survey ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Landsat 8 Oli ◽  
Porto Alegre ◽  
Soybean Crop ◽  
Dryness Index

USO DO ÍNDICE TVDI E MODELO HAND PARA CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE CONDIÇÃO HÍDRICA  LUCIMARA WOLFARTH SCHIRMBECK1; DENISE CYBIS FONTANA2; JULIANO SCHIRMBECK3 E VAGNER PAZ MENGUE4 1 Centro Estadual de Pesquisas em Sensoriamento Remoto e Meteorologia – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, [email protected] Departamento de Plantas Forrageiras e Agrometeorologia – Faculdade de Agronomia –  Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, [email protected] Centro Estadual de Pesquisas em Sensoriamento Remoto e Meteorologia – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, [email protected] Centro Estadual de Pesquisas em Sensoriamento Remoto e Meteorologia – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, [email protected].  1 RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a adequação do índice TVDI (Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index), obtido com sensores remotos orbitais, para caracterizar a condição hídrica de lavouras de soja no sul do Brasil. Para tanto, foram utilizadas imagens do satélite Landsat 8-OLI, obtidas da base de dados da USGS (United States Geological Survey), de três datas ao longo do ciclo da cultura da soja (5 de dezembro 2014 – implantação, 6 de janeiro 2015 - início de desenvolvimento e 7 de fevereiro de 2015 – pleno desenvolvimento vegetativo).  A área de cultivo de soja foi mapeada utilizando classificação digital (máxima verossimilhança) e validada com dados de campo. A área total mapeada foi estratificada em duas classes: áreas de várzea e áreas altas, através do uso do modelo HAND (Height Above the Nearest Drainage). Para tornar possível a comparação entre datas, o TVDI foi determinado usando um triângulo único para as três datas em conjunto, estabelecido a partir dos dados do NDVI (Normalized Difference vegetation Index) e da temperatura de superfície (TS), a qual foi estimada usando o algoritmo split-window. O TVDI permitiu diferenciar as condições hídricas na cultura da soja ao longo do ciclo e entre as classes de altitude; as áreas mais altas apresentaram maiores déficits quando comparadas às áreas de várzea. Foi possível ainda visualizar a migração dos pixels de soja dentro do triângulo evaporativo como consequência da fase de desenvolvimento da cultura e das condições hídricas. Palavras-chave: déficit hídrico, agricultura, Landsat 8-OLI.  SCHIRMBECK, L. W.; FONTANA, D. C.; SCHIRMBECK, J.; MENGUE, V.P. TVDI INDEX AND HAND MODEL FOR WATER CONDITION DESCRIPTION  2 ABSTRACT This work aims to evaluate the suitability of the Temperature Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI), achieved through an orbital remote sensing system used to describe the condition of the water to be used on soybean crops in the South Region of Brazil. The Landsat 8-OLI satellite images were gathered from the USGS (United States Geological Survey) database of three different dates during the soybean crop cycle (December 5th, 2014 - implementation, January 6th, 2015 - beginning of growth and February 7th, 2015 - full vegetative growth). The soybean crop area was mapped using digital classification (maximum likelihood method) and validated with field data. The total mapped area was stratified into two classes: floodplain areas and high areas, using the HAND (Height Above the Nearest Drainage) model. To make the comparison between dates possible, TVDI was determined using a single triangle for all the three dates together, established using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and surface temperature (TS) data, which was estimated using Split-window algorithm. TVDI allowed us to differentiate the water conditions during the soybean crop cycle and between the two altitude classes; the higher areas presented larger deficits when compared to the floodplain areas. It was also possible to observe the migration of the soybean pixels within the evaporative triangle as a consequence of the crop’s development stage and the water conditions. Keywords: water deficit, agriculture, Landsat 8-OLI. 

scholarly journals Hydro-climatic and land use/cover changes in Nasia catchment of the White Volta basin in Ghana

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Nyadzi ◽  
Enoch Bessah ◽  
Gordana Kranjac-Berisavljevic ◽  
Fulco Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Climatic Variables ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
Maximum Temperature

AbstractThe Nasia catchment is the reservoir with significant surface water resources in Northern Ghana and home to numerous subsistence farmers engaged in rainfed and dry season irrigation farming. Yet, there is little understanding of the hydro-climatic and land use/cover conditions of this basin. This study investigated trends, relationships and changes in hydro-climatic variables and land use/cover in addition to implications of the observable changes in the Nasia catchment over a period of 50 years. Parameters used for the study were minimum (Tmin) and maximum temperature (Tmax), wind speed (WS), sunshine duration (S), rainfall (R), relative humidity (RH), discharge (D) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data, 15 years of remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data and 30 years of land use/cover image data. Results show that Tmin, Tmax, WS and PET have increased significantly (p < 0.05) over time. RH and S significantly declined. R, D and NDVI have not decreased significantly (p > 0.05). A significant abrupt change in almost all hydro-climatic variables started in the 1980s, a period that coincides with the occurrence of drought events in the region, except WS in 2001, R in 1968 and D in 1975, respectively. Also, D showed a positive significant correlation with RH, R and PET, but an insignificant positive relationship with S. D also showed a negative insignificant correlation with Tmin, Tmax and WS. Areas covered with shrubland and settlement/bare lands have increased to the disadvantage of cropland, forest, grassland and water bodies. It was concluded that climate change impact is quite noticeable in the basin, indicating water scarcity and possibilities of droughts. The analysis performed herein is a vital foundation for further studies to simulate and predict the effect of climate change on the water resources, agriculture and livelihoods in the Nasia catchment.

scholarly journals Vegetation Change and Its Response to Climate Change between 2000 and 2016 in Marshes of the Songnen Plain, Northeast China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanji Wang ◽  
Xiangjin Shen ◽  
Ming Jiang ◽  
Xianguo Lu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Songnen Plain ◽  
Asymmetric Effects ◽  
Climate Change Effects

Songnen Plain is a representative semi-arid marshland in China. The Songnen Plain marshes have undergone obvious loss during the past decades. In order to protect and restore wetland vegetation, it is urgent to investigate the vegetation change and its response to climate change in the Songnen Plain marshes. Based on the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and climate data, we investigated the spatiotemporal change of vegetation and its relationship with temperature and precipitation in the Songnen Plain marshes. During 2000–2016, the growing season mean NDVI of the Songnen Plain marshes significantly (p < 0.01) increased at a rate of 0.06/decade. For the climate change effects on vegetation, the growing season precipitation had a significant positive effect on the growing season NDVI of marshes. In addition, this study first found asymmetric effects of daytime maximum temperature (Tmax) and nighttime minimum temperature (Tmin) on NDVI of the Songnen Plain marshes: The growing season NDVI correlated negatively with Tmax but positively with Tmin. Considering the global asymmetric warming of Tmax and Tmin, more attention should be paid to these asymmetric effects of Tmax and Tmin on the vegetation of marshes.

scholarly journals Agrometeorological conditions associated with phenological responses of tucumã-do-pará (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-137
Author(s):  
Lucieta Guerreiro Martorano ◽  
Maria do Socorro Padilha de Oliveira ◽  
Gleidson Guilherme Caldas Mendes ◽  
José Reinaldo da Silva Cabral de Moraes ◽  
Daniel Pereira Pinheiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Palm Species ◽  
Thermal Amplitude

ABSTRACT Palms are among the class of hyperdominant species in the Amazon region, and for the tucumã palm (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) demand of climatic and phenological information in order to support strategic planning and sustainable management of this palm species native to the Amazon basin. The objective of this work was to evaluate agrometeorological conditions associated to phenological responses of tucumã as a species that has high economic potential for fruit pulp production. Meteorological data were collected during the period in which data were also collected for the phenology of the germplasm bank. Sensors were installed to monitor temperature and air relative humidity to where they are observed as phenophases. Analyses were conducted to identify the responses of the tucumã stems in function of agrometeorological conditions of the study area. Precipitation, thermal amplitude, and insolation showed positive correlations principally with respect to the percent of stems with bracts, inflorescences, or with fertilized inflorescences. In the fruiting phenological phase precipitation and air relative humidity influenced the percentage of stems with fruit clusters that were immature and also ones with mature clusters. High maximum temperatures compromise the expression of the percentage of stems with green fruit clusters. The tucumã stems were photosynthesizing and carrying out metabolic processes at a very high rate during the study period based on the high Normalized Difference Vegetation Index which was superior to 0.41 during the three years of this study. The tucumã phenological phases, demonstrating a strong positive association with insolation, maximum temperature and thermal amplitude.

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