scholarly journals Charges and Electromagnetic Radiation as Topological Excitations

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Manfried Faber
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Radiation ◽  
Minkowski Space ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Photon Number ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Topological Solitons ◽  
Topological Excitations ◽  
Quantum Numbers ◽  
Topological Quantum ◽  
Three Degrees Of Freedom

We discuss a model with stable topological solitons in Minkowski space with only three degrees of freedom, the rotational angles of a spatial Dreibein. This model has four types of solitons differing in two topological quantum numbers which we identify with electric charge and spin. The vacuum has a two-dimensional degeneracy leading to two types of massless excitations, characterised by a topological quantum number which could have a physical equivalent in the photon number.

scholarly journals Carter's constant and superintegrability

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (07) ◽  
pp. 1850066
Author(s):  
Payel Mukhopadhyay ◽  
K. Rajesh Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Integrals Of Motion ◽  
Superintegrable System ◽  
Simple Observation ◽  
Superintegrable Systems ◽  
Axisymmetric Spacetime ◽  
Three Degrees Of Freedom

Carter's constant is a nontrivial conserved quantity of motion of a particle moving in stationary axisymmetric spacetime. In the version of the theorem originally given by Carter, due to the presence of two Killing vectors, the system effectively has two degrees of freedom. We propose an extension to the first version of Carter's theorem to a system having three degrees of freedom to find two functionally independent Carter-like integrals of motion. We further generalize the theorem to a dynamical system with [Formula: see text] degrees of freedom. We further study the implications of Carter's constant to superintegrability and present a different approach to probe a superintegrable system. Our formalism gives another viewpoint to a superintegrable system using the simple observation of separable Hamiltonian according to Carter's criteria. We then give some examples by constructing some two-dimensional superintegrable systems based on this idea and also show that all three-dimensional simple classical superintegrable potentials are also Carter separable.

scholarly journals Engineering photonic environments for two-dimensional materials

Nanophotonics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuezhi Ma ◽  
Nathan Youngblood ◽  
Xiaoze Liu ◽  
Yan Cheng ◽  
Preston Cunha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
2D Materials ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional Materials ◽  
Out Of Plane ◽  
Small Device ◽  
Light Matter Interaction ◽  
Three Degrees Of Freedom

AbstractA fascinating photonic platform with a small device scale, fast operating speed, as well as low energy consumption is two-dimensional (2D) materials, thanks to their in-plane crystalline structures and out-of-plane quantum confinement. The key to further advancement in this research field is the ability to modify the optical properties of the 2D materials. The modifications typically come from the materials themselves, for example, altering their chemical compositions. This article reviews a comparably less explored but promising means, through engineering the photonic surroundings. Rather than modifying materials themselves, this means manipulates the dielectric and metallic environments, both uniform and nanostructured, that directly interact with the materials. For 2D materials that are only one or a few atoms thick, the interaction with the environment can be remarkably efficient. This review summarizes the three degrees of freedom of this interaction: weak coupling, strong coupling, and multifunctionality. In addition, it reviews a relatively timing concept of engineering that directly applied to the 2D materials by patterning. Benefiting from the burgeoning development of nanophotonics, the engineering of photonic environments provides a versatile and creative methodology of reshaping light–matter interaction in 2D materials.

scholarly journals Two-Dimensional Impact Modelling with Three Degrees of Freedom and Its Application in the Dynamics of Planing Hulls

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 1072
Author(s):  
Roberto Algarín ◽  
Antonio Bula
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Numerical Solutions ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Slender Body Theory ◽  
Impact Modelling ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Three Degrees Of Freedom

Planing boat dynamics are a complex phenomenon and the maneuver forces acting on these kind of hulls are difficult to predict. In the current work, a mathematical model of a two-dimensional impact with three degrees of freedom (3DOF) is developed. The model was used to study wedge sections with knuckles, the vertical, horizontal, and rotational motion are considered. Pressure distribution, forces, and motion during the impact, considering both free fall and forced motion, are evaluated. The commercial CFD (Computational flow dynamics) software Star-CCM+ V9.06 was used to validate the formulation. Simulations with one, two, and three degrees of freedom were carried out, and the results were compared with CFD simulations, experimental data, and numerical solutions by others authors. The results show a good agreement with the authors. The model is extended to three dimensions applying slender body theory, and the forces in the hull are computed. The formulation allows evaluating the seakeeping with cross flow, dynamic stability, and manoeuvrability of planing boats with variable sections over the length.

scholarly journals Active Disturbance Rejection for a Three Degrees of Freedom Gyroscope

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (13) ◽  
pp. 372-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan E. Andrade García ◽  
Alejandra Ferreira de Loza ◽  
Luis T. Aguilar ◽  
Ramón I. Verdés
Keyword(s):  
Disturbance Rejection ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Active Disturbance Rejection ◽  
Three Degrees Of Freedom

scholarly journals From Center-Vortex Ensembles to the Confining Flux Tube

Universe ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 253
Author(s):  
David R. Junior ◽  
Luis E. Oxman ◽  
Gustavo M. Simões
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
String Tension ◽  
Effective Field ◽  
Scaling Properties ◽  
Flux Tubes ◽  
Topological Solitons ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Center Vortex ◽  
Asymptotic Scaling ◽  
The Continuum

In this review, we discuss the present status of the description of confining flux tubes in SU(N) pure Yang–Mills theory in terms of ensembles of percolating center vortices. This is based on three main pillars: modeling in the continuum the ensemble components detected in the lattice, the derivation of effective field representations, and contrasting the associated properties with Monte Carlo lattice results. The integration of the present knowledge about these points is essential to get closer to a unified physical picture for confinement. Here, we shall emphasize the last advances, which point to the importance of including the non-oriented center-vortex component and non-Abelian degrees of freedom when modeling the center-vortex ensemble measure. These inputs are responsible for the emergence of topological solitons and the possibility of accommodating the asymptotic scaling properties of the confining string tension.

scholarly journals Cyclic Deformation of Microcantilevers Using In-Situ Micromanipulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. S. Iyer ◽  
M. H. Colliander
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Focused Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Cyclic Testing ◽  
Phase Boundaries ◽  
Bulk Specimen ◽  
Arbitrary Position ◽  
Three Degrees Of Freedom

Abstract Background The trend in miniaturisation of structural components and continuous development of more advanced crystal plasticity models point towards the need for understanding cyclic properties of engineering materials at the microscale. Though the technology of focused ion beam milling enables the preparation of micron-sized samples for mechanical testing using nanoindenters, much of the focus has been on monotonic testing since the limited 1D motion of nanoindenters imposes restrictions on both sample preparation and cyclic testing. Objective/Methods In this work, we present an approach for cyclic microcantilever bending using a micromanipulator setup having three degrees of freedom, thereby offering more flexibility. Results The method has been demonstrated and validated by cyclic bending of Alloy 718plus microcantilevers prepared on a bulk specimen. The experiments reveal that this method is reliable and produces results that are comparable to a nanoindenter setup. Conclusions Due to the flexibility of the method, it offers straightforward testing of cantilevers manufactured at arbitrary position on bulk samples with fully reversed plastic deformation. Specific microstructural features, e.g., selected orientations, grain boundaries, phase boundaries etc., can therefore be easily targeted.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document