scholarly journals Defensive Nymphs of the Woolly AphidThoracaphis kashifolia(Hemiptera) on the OakQuercus glauca

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Utako Kurosu ◽  
Shigeyuki Aoki ◽  
Keigo Uematsu ◽  
Mayako Kutsukake ◽  
Takema Fukatsu
Keyword(s):  
Caste Differentiation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Moth Larva ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Quercus Glauca

Aphid nymphs with enlarged fore- and mid-legs were found from woolly colonies ofThoracaphis kashifolia(Hormaphidinae, Nipponaphidini) on leaves of the evergreenQuercus glaucain Japan. It was shown that they grasped an introduced moth larva with their legs and some inserted their stylets deep into the body. These defenders were first-instar nymphs of the alate generation and were produced by aleyrodiform apterae from early September onward. There was a large variation in the size of their forelegs. First-instar nymphs (to be alates) produced early in the season had fore-femorotrochanters shorter than those produced later. The molting rate (the percentage of pharate individuals) of the latter was very low (less than 5% to zero), suggesting their semisterility. Although first-instar nymphs with various lengths of forelegs joined to attack moth larvae, these facts indicate that an incipient caste differentiation occurs within the first-instar nymphs of the alate generation.

INHIBITION OF CHOLINESTERASE IN THE CATTLE GRUB HYPODERMA BOVIS (DIPTERA: OESTRIDAE) AFTER TREATMENT OF THE HOST CATTLE WITH SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDES

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Steward
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Nervous Systems ◽  
Systemic Insecticides ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Hypoderma Bovis ◽  
Histochemical Evidence ◽  
Acetylthiocholine Iodide ◽  
Central Nervous Systems

AbstractCattle grubs, first-instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis (L.), were removed from nine slaughtered heifers. Two of these heifers had previously been treated with coumaphos, three with Ruelene, and two with trichlorfon. The remaining two heifers were not treated with insecticides and served as sources of control grubs. The grubs, after removal from the hosts and fixation in formalin, were incubated with one of the two cholinesterase substrates, acetylthiocholine iodide or 5-bromoindoxyl acetate. Cholinesterase was completely inhibited in the central nervous systems of the grubs whose hosts were treated with Ruelene. This inhibition was also virtually complete in grubs from heifers treated with trichlorfon and was usually complete in those from the heifers treated with coumaphos. This is presented as histochemical evidence that the three systemic insecticides inhibit the cholinergic enzymes in the grubs, thus causing them to die while still in the body of the host.

Morphology of the first instar larva in the tribe Clytrini, with two new descriptions in the subtribe Megalostomina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cryptocephalinae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2147 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
FEDERICO A. AGRAIN ◽  
ADRIANA E. MARVALDI
Keyword(s):  
Instar Larva ◽  
The Body ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Short Seta ◽  
Available Information

Original descriptions and illustrations of the first instar larva of Megalostomis (Heterostomis) lacordairei Lacordaire and of Coscinoptera argentina Burmeister (Clytrini: Megalostomina) are provided. Based on the available information on first instar larvae, the tribe Clytrini is diagnosed. Unique of the larvae of clytrini is the antennal sensorium dome-like. Characters in common between Clytrini, Cryptocephalini, and Chlamisini (Cryptocephalinae) are highlighted, like the body J-shaped (in association with case-bearer habits); frons, clypeus, and labrum fused; spiracles with reticulate peritreme; egg-bursters present on mesoand metathorax, each situated anterior to a very long seta and a short seta ventral to these.

REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY AND LABORATORY REARING OF CERANTHIA SAMARENSIS (VILLENEUVE) (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE), A PARASITOID OF THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (L.)

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 749-759 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.W. Quednau
Keyword(s):  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Quercus Rubra ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Side ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Average Longevity ◽  
Gravid Females ◽  
Ceranthia Samarensis

AbstractLaboratory observations on the biology of Ceranthia samarensis (Villeneuve), a tachinid parasitoid of the gypsy moth, were carried out in the laboratory at 22 °C day/15 °C night, 85–90% RH, and a 12L:12D photoperiod. Older (5–6 days post-eclosion) males mated readily with newly emerged females. Mating success was 60%. The gestation period of the mated females was 10–12 days. Laboratory-reared (on diet) second- and third-instar gypsy moth larvae feeding on newly grown foliage of Quercus rubra L. were exposed to gravid females of the parasitoid. Ceranthia samarensis ovolarviposited on the body of the host. The first-instar larva penetrated the host cuticle and developed internally, forming a respiratory funnel that caused a dark circular scar on the lateral side of the caterpillar. The average number of progeny (puparia) produced over the lifetime of a C. samarensis female was 55.0 ± 5.0 (SE) and average longevity was 4.1 ± 1.7 (SE) days. Diapause of the puparia was facultative and induced by temperatures below 20 °C combined with a 12L:12D photoperiod. In nondiapause individuals, total generation time was 22–40 days. To obtain diapause insects, puparia were stored for2monthsat 15 °C, 100% RH, and 12L:12D photoperiod for development of pharate adults. Cold storage at 2–4 °C and 100% RH for at least 5 months was required to obtain up to 75% eclosion after 5–9 days the following year.

External morphology of the immature stages of Runibia perspicua (Fabricius, 1798) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4695 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
MARCELA NASCIMENTO BRANDÃO ◽  
RICARDO BRUGNERA ◽  
JOCELIA GRAZIA
Keyword(s):  
Abdominal Segment ◽  
Abdominal Tergite ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Ontogenetic Development ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Heteroptera Pentatomidae

The study of immature stages in Pentatomidae contributes to the knowledge in several areas, mainly systematics, ecology and agriculture. In faunistic inventories, nymphs comprise a significant part of the specimens collected, which often cannot be identified due to lack of knowledge about the immature. Here, we describe the external morphology of eggs and nymphal stages of Runibia perspicua (Fabricius, 1798). The egg is barrel-shaped with the surface of chorium covered by spines, forming polygonal markings interconnected by sheets, similar as observed in some species of Carpocorini. In all the nymphal instars the abdomen is characterized by having rounded reddish spots and an orange/yellow longitudinal macula in the middle of each abdominal tergite, from abdominal segment II to VII. The first instar is the most distinctive, standing out mainly by the head and thorax totally brown. From the second instar the head and thorax acquire pale color with irregular brown spots. The labium presents significant variations in size along the ontogenetic development showing a non-isometric pattern, when compared to the total length of the body. Illustrations and photographs of all the immature stages and the detailed morphology of some structures in SEM are provided. 

Morphology and surface structure of eggs and first instar larvae of  Croce schmidti (Navás, 1927) (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 1554 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55
Author(s):  
ALİ SATAR ◽  
ZEKİYE SULUDERE ◽  
SELAMİ CANDAN ◽  
SAVAŞ CANBULAT
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Surface Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
First Instar ◽  
First Time ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Adhesive Materials ◽  
Brown Color

The morphology of eggs and first instar larvae of Croce schmidti (Navás, 1927) is described and figured for the first time using light and scanning electron microscopy. The females were collected from Derik, Mardin Province, Turkey and maintained in the laboratory. The eggs are elongate and cylindrical with rounded ends and bear a small terminal micropylar knob. Except for the adhesive materials, the chorion surface is smooth. The newly emerged larva of C. schmidti is characterized by a slightly quadrangular head and short prothorax and has prominent pale dark brown color markings on the metatergites. The body is covered with short brown setae, which include macrotrichia and dolichasters.

scholarly journals Post-embriononic development of Chrysomya putoria(Diptera: Calliphoridae) on a diet containing ampicillin in different concentrations

2016 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADRIANA C.P. FERRAZ ◽  
DANIELE L. DALLAVECCHIA ◽  
DÉBORA C. SILVA ◽  
RENATO G. SILVA-FILHO ◽  
VALÉRIA M. AGUIAR
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
The Body ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Antibiotic Concentration ◽  
Ampicillin Sodium ◽  
First Instar ◽  
The Mean ◽  
T1 And T2

Here we evaluate the effects of different concentrations of the antibiotic ampicillin on the growth and development of Chrysomya putoria. Third-generation, first instar larvae (L1) reared on 60 grams of homogenate+agar 65% were treated with ampicillin sodium. The experiment consisted of four replicates (40 larvae/replicate) of each antibiotic concentration tested (T1: 466µg/mL ; T2: 81.33 mg/mL and T3: 166.66mg/mL) and a T4: control. The body mass of the mature larvae, after they abandoned the diet, were recorded in batches of five. The variation between the mean body mass of larvae and the duration of larval and pupal stages, and overall duration of the development, viability and normal rates were analyzed by ANOVA. There were no significant differences between the four treatments in the following parameters: body mass of larvae that discontinued the diet as well as the duration of larval, pupal, and total development. The sex ratios found in the four treatments did not differ from those expected. Normality rates were 100% for all treatments. There were no significant differences between treatments for larval and overall viability, but pupal viability differed significantly between T1 and the control, T1 and T2, and between the control and T3. The antibiotic did not appear to significantly alter the development of C. putoria.

Studies on the growth of Pediculus (Anoplura)

Parasitology ◽  
1938 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Buxton
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Allometric Growth ◽  
Larval Life ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Geometrical Progression ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Principal Points ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Parts

1. The paper discusses the points of difference between the three larval instars in Pediculus and the changes in proportion which take place during growth, not only during larval life but also at the final moult.2. It is easy to separate larvae of the first instar from others, more difficult to distinguish those in the second and third instars. The principal points of difference are as follows:First instar. Setae on dorsum of abdomen, few, long and in longitudinal lines: one median pair on most segments. Paratergal plates (carrying spiracle) absent. Mean measurements as in Table I, the best point of distinction between instars being in length of third tibia, which is 0·197 mm. in first instar. Ratio of head to thorax and abdomen about 1:2·8Second instar. Setae of dorsum of abdomen in one transverse row, containing 2–3 pairs of setae. Paratergal plates present (as also in third instar). Mean length of third tibia, 0·270 mm. Ratio of head to thorax and abdomen about 1: 3·5.Third instar. Setae on dorsum of abdomen, not in one row, but somewhat irregular: a pair of minute supplementary setae, on seventh and eighth segments, close to midline. Mean length of third tibia, 0·363 mm. Ratio of head to thorax and abdomen about 1:4·3.3. During larval life the dimensions of all parts increased as geometrical progressions (Dyar's law), but the rate of increase is different in different parts of the body, so that the proportions, for instance, of head to thorax and abdomen alter with growth; in other words, growth is allometric or heterogonic. But when the insect attains maturity the measurements of several of the parts depart significantly from the geometrical progression which has prevailed during larval life. In most parts of the body the increase at maturity is greater in females than males (no point of distinction having been observed in larvae in the preceding instars); but in the length of the third tibia the increase in the female is much less than in the male. Among other insects in which metamorphosis is slight there are several in which the rate of growth of parts alters at the last moult and becomes different in the two sexes; in some indeed the difference develops much earlier than the last moult. Probably, therefore, it would be true to say that regular allometric growth is generally disturbed by the development of secondary sexual characters.It is a pleasure to acknowledge help received from Dr J. S. Huxley.

PARTICULARITIES OF DIVERSE EGG DEPOSITION PHENOMENA CHARACTERIZING CARNIVOROID HYMENOPTERA (WITH MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATIONS)

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. 1175-1187 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Flanders
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differentiation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Egg Deposition ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Haploid Male ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Specific Organ ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual

AbstractEntomophagous carnivoroids, especially those in which the development of the individual (ontogeny) is effected by its subsistence on the body fluids and the flesh of one host individual, show an extreme diversity in form and habit whereby their embryonic and larval stages are adapted for a highly specialized mode of life.One of the more interesting of these adaptations is exhibited by biparental species of Hymenoptera in the placement of their haploid and diploid eggs in a particular organ or tissue of the host species. This adaptation may or may not be correlated with sex differentiation in host relations, a reproductive habit characterized either by differing oviposition responses that segregate haploid (male) and diploid (female) eggs to different kinds of hosts or, lacking such responses, by differing developmental mechanisms that segregate first instar males from first instar females.The available information regarding the occurrence of the obligatory associations between the hymenopterous egg and a specific organ or tissue of the host, their characteristics, and pertinent physiological prerequisites are summarized.Basically, these associations appear to be dependent on (1) the gravid carnivoroid usually being free of any physiological pressure (or urge) to oviposit despite the presence of eggs ready for deposition in the ovary and/or stored in the oviduct and (2) the limitation of egg deposition to the moment when the tip of the female’s ovipositor makes contact with a host or the spoor of the host. Freedom from oviposition pressure derives from the female’s ability to dispose of her "ripe" ovarian eggs by methods other than deposition, that is, either by storage in enlarged oviducts or by resorption into the bloodstream.

PREY PREFERENCES OF CALOSOMA SYCOPHANTA L. (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) LARVAE AND RELATIONSHIP OF PREY CONSUMPTION TO PREDATOR SIZE

1988 ◽  
Vol 120 (10) ◽  
pp. 873-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Weseloh
Keyword(s):  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Large Prey ◽  
Predator Attack ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Prey Preferences ◽  
Feeding Choice ◽  
Choice Tests ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Choice Feeding

AbstractIn feeding choice tests, first- and second-instar larvae of Calosoma sycophanta L. preferred gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), pupae as prey but third-instar larvae most often consumed caterpillars. All beetle larvae preferred female pupae over male pupae. In non-choice feeding tests, older predator larvae consumed more gypsy moth fifth-instar larvae than the larger sixth-instar larvae, but the total weights of prey eaten in both cases were similar. First-instar larvae of C. sycophanta only partially consumed prey, and caterpillar size did not affect the total numbers eaten. Beetle larvae ate as many female gypsy moth pupae as male pupae, but larger larvae consumed greater weights of the former than of the latter. As a consequence, C. sycophanta larvae fed female pupae were larger than those provided with male pupae. However, for a given increase in size, third-instar larval beetles ingested the same weight of food no matter what the prey size was. Conversely, young beetle larvae seemed to require greater amounts of the body contents of large prey for a given size increase, probably because fluids from large prey were lost during predator attack. The information gained in this study may make it possible to use sizes of field-observed C. sycophanta larvae to predict numbers of prey they have killed.

scholarly journals Female Developmental Environment Delays Development of Male Honeybee (Apis Mellifera)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Bo Liu ◽  
Yao Yi ◽  
Amal Abdelmawla ◽  
Zhi Jiang Zeng ◽  
Xu Jiang He
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Caste Differentiation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Reproductive Tissues ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Honeybee Colony ◽  
Sex Regulation

Abstract Background Nutrition and cell size play an important role in the determination of caste differentiation in queen-worker of honeybee (Apis mellifera), whereas the haploid genome dominates the differentiation of drones. However, the effects of female developmental environment on the development of males remain unclear. In this study, young drone larvae were transferred into worker cells (WCs) or remained in drone cells (DCs) to rear drones. The parts of drone larvae were also grafted into queen cells (QCs) for 48 h and then transplanted into drone cells until emerging. Morphological indexes and reproductive organs of these three types of newly emerged drones were measured. Newly emerged drones and 3 d drone larvae from WCs, DCs and QCs were sequenced by RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). Results Morphological results showed that newly emerged DC drones had bigger body sizes and more well-developed reproductive tissues than WC and QC drones, whereas the reproductive tissues of QC drones were relatively better than those of WC drones. Gene expression results showed a more clear difference among three groups. At the larval stage, there were 889, 1761 and 1927 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in WC/DC, QC/DC and WC/QC comparisons, respectively. The number of DEGs decreased in adult drones of these three comparisons [678 (WC/DC), 338 (QC/DC) and 518 (WC/QC)]. A high number of DEGs were involved in sex regulation, growth, olfaction, vision, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Wnt signaling pathways, etc. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WCGNA) showed that WC and DC larvae were closer than QC larvae, whereas QC and WC drones were closer than DC drones. These results revealed that DC drones had better development in the body and reproductive system than QC and WC drones. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the developmental environment of honeybee females including the larval diet and cell size delayed male development. Naturally, honeybee colony ovigerous workers in queen-less colonies or non-mated queens produce a large number of dysplasia drones which are not well-developed. Therefore, this study serves as a model for understanding the regulation of sexual differentiation in social insects by environmental factors.

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