scholarly journals MicroRNAs: From Female Fertility, Germ Cells, and Stem Cells to Cancer in Humans

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irma Virant-Klun ◽  
Anders Ståhlberg ◽  
Mikael Kubista ◽  
Thomas Skutella
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Germ Cells ◽  
Noncoding Rna ◽  
Ovarian Function ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Female Fertility ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression

MicroRNAs are a family of naturally occurring small noncoding RNA molecules that play an important regulatory role in gene expression. They are suggested to regulate a large proportion of protein encoding genes by mediating the translational suppression and posttranscriptional control of gene expression. Recent findings show that microRNAs are emerging as important regulators of cellular differentiation and dedifferentiation, and are deeply involved in developmental processes including human preimplantation development. They keep a balance between pluripotency and differentiation in the embryo and embryonic stem cells. Moreover, it became evident that dysregulation of microRNA expression may play a fundamental role in progression and dissemination of different cancers including ovarian cancer. The interest is still increased by the discovery of exosomes, that is, cell-derived vesicles, which can carry different proteins but also microRNAs between different cells and are involved in cell-to-cell communication. MicroRNAs, together with exosomes, have a great potential to be used for prognosis, therapy, and biomarkers of different diseases including infertility. The aim of this review paper is to summarize the existent knowledge on microRNAs related to female fertility and cancer: from primordial germ cells and ovarian function, germinal stem cells, oocytes, and embryos to embryonic stem cells.

scholarly journals A novel RNA-mediated mechanism causing down-regulation of insulating promoter interactions in human embryonic stem cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingjuan Liu ◽  
Simon G. Williams ◽  
Hayden R. Jones ◽  
Bernard D. Keavney ◽  
Mun-Kit Choy
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Human Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Chromatin Interaction ◽  
Down Regulation ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Interaction Sites ◽  
Genome Wide

AbstractThe genome-wide promoter interactome is primarily maintained and regulated by architectural proteins such as CTCF and cohesin. However, some studies suggest a role for non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in this process. We aimed to characterise the regulatory role of RNA-mediated promoter interactions in the control of gene expression. We integrated genome-wide datasets of RNA-chromatin and promoter-genome interactions in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to identify putative RNA-mediated promoter interactions. We discovered that CTCF sites were enriched in RNA-PIRs (promoter interacting regions co-localising with RNA-chromatin interaction sites) and genes interacting with RNA-PIRs containing CTCF sites showed higher expression levels. One of the long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) expressed in hESCs, Syntaxin 18-Antisense 1 (STX18-AS1), appeared to be involved in an insulating promoter interaction with the neighbouring gene, MSX1. By knocking down STX18-AS1, the MSX1 promoter-PIR interaction was intensified and the target gene (MSX1) expression was down-regulated. Conversely, reduced MSX1 promoter-PIR interactions, resulting from CRISPR-Cas9 deletion of the PIR, increased the expression of MSX1. We conclude that STX18-AS1 RNA antagonised local CTCF-mediated insulating promoter interactions to augment gene expression. Such down-regulation of the insulating promoter interactions by this novel mechanism may explain the higher expression of genes interacting with RNA-PIRs linked to CTCF sites.

Ethanol alters cell cycle gene expression in human embryonic stem cells

2016 ◽  
Vol 01 (03) ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Krishnamoorthy ◽  
Brian Gerwe ◽  
Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro ◽  
Rachel Nash ◽  
Jagan Arumugham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Human Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Cycle Gene ◽  
Cell Cycle Gene Expression

scholarly journals The Trends in Global Gene Expression in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells During Spaceflight

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili An ◽  
Yanming Li ◽  
Yingjun Fan ◽  
Ning He ◽  
Fanlei Ran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Global Gene Expression ◽  
Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

3076 – FINE-TUNING GENE EXPRESSION BY CRISPRA IN MOUSE EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS FOR SPECIFIC TISSUE INDUCTION

2020 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. S62
Author(s):  
Luis Galán Palma ◽  
Roshana Thambyrajah ◽  
Antonella Fidanza ◽  
Lesley Forrester ◽  
Pablo Menéndez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Specific Tissue

Positive regulators of the lineage-specific transcription factor GATA-1 in differentiating erythroid cells

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 3108-3114
Author(s):  
M H Baron ◽  
S M Farrington
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Globin Gene ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Targeted Mutagenesis ◽  
Erythroid Cell ◽  
Erythroid Cells

The zinc finger transcription factor GATA-1 is a major regulator of gene expression in erythroid, megakaryocyte, and mast cell lineages. GATA-1 binds to WGATAR consensus motifs in the regulatory regions of virtually all erythroid cell-specific genes. Analyses with cultured cells and cell-free systems have provided strong evidence that GATA-1 is involved in control of globin gene expression during erythroid differentiation. Targeted mutagenesis of the GATA-1 gene in embryonic stem cells has demonstrated its requirement in normal erythroid development. Efficient rescue of the defect requires an intact GATA element in the distal promoter, suggesting autoregulatory control of GATA-1 transcription. To examine whether GATA-1 expression involves additional regulatory factors or is maintained entirely by an autoregulatory loop, we have used a transient heterokaryon system to test the ability of erythroid factors to activate the GATA-1 gene in nonerythroid nuclei. We show here that proerythroblasts and mature erythroid cells contain a diffusible activity (TAG) capable of transcriptional activation of GATA-1 and that this activity decreases during the terminal differentiation of erythroid cells. Nuclei from GATA-1- mutant embryonic stem cells can still be reprogrammed to express their globin genes in erythroid heterokaryons, indicating that de novo induction of GATA-1 is not required for globin gene activation following cell fusion.

scholarly journals Epigenetic barrier against the propagation of fluctuating gene expression in embryonic stem cells

FEBS Letters ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 591 (18) ◽  
pp. 2879-2889
Author(s):  
Yuki Saito ◽  
Akira Kunitomi ◽  
Tomohisa Seki ◽  
Shugo Tohyama ◽  
Dai Kusumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem

scholarly journals Graded Smad2/3 Activation Is Converted Directly into Levels of Target Gene Expression in Embryonic Stem Cells

PLoS ONE ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e4268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Guzman-Ayala ◽  
Kian Leong Lee ◽  
Konstantinos J. Mavrakis ◽  
Paraskevi Goggolidou ◽  
Dominic P. Norris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Target Gene ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Target Gene Expression
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