scholarly journals Informed Principal Model and Contract in Supply Chain with Demand Disruption Asymmetric Information

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Huan Zhang ◽  
Jianli Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Order Quantity ◽  
Supply Chain Disruption ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Informed Principal ◽  
Signaling Cost ◽  
Information Intensity

Because of the frequency and disastrous influence, the supply chain disruption has caused extensive concern both in the industry and in the academia. In a supply chain with one manufacturer and one retailer, the demand of the retailer is uncertain and meanwhile may suffer disruption with a probability. Taking the demand disruption probability as the retailer’s asymmetric information, an informed principal model with the retailer as the principal is explored to make the contract. The retailer can show its information to the manufacturer through the contract. It is found out that the high-risk retailer intends to pretend to be the low-risk one. So the separating contract is given through the low-information-intensity allocation, in which the order quantity and the transferring payment for the low-risk retailer distort upwards, but those of high-risk retailer do not distort. In order to reduce the signaling cost which the low-risk retailer pays, the interim efficient model is introduced, which ends up with the order quantity and transferring payment distorting upwards again but less than before. In the numerical examples, with two different mutation probabilities, the informed principal contracts show the application of the informed principal model in the supply chain with demand disruption.

scholarly journals STUDI IMPLEMENTASI KONSEP HALAL SUPPLY CHAIN PADA PASOKAN DAGING AYAM DI PASAR BARU KARAWANG

BUANA ILMU ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-157
Author(s):  
Afif Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Chain Process ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Traditional Market ◽  
Medium Risk ◽  
Scale Calibration ◽  
Supply Chain Process

Salah satu produk yang dekat dengan masyarakat dan selalu diminati untuk dikonsumsi adalah daging ayam. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penelitian yang mengkaji mengenai kehalalan daging ayam curah dalam serangkain proses suplly chain-nya dari hulu ke hilir. Penelitian ini mengambil objek yaitu daging ayam yang dijual di Pasar Baru Karawang. Adapun kesimpulan yang dapat ditarik dari penelitian ini adalah ketiga pemasok daging ayam ke pasar baru karawang secara umum berdasarkan observasi secara langsung di lapangan sudah memenuhi syarat syar’i mengenai kehalalan daging ayam dan sampai kepada konsumen akhir tidak terkontaminasi dengan barang haram/najis. Akan tetapi tetap masih diperlukan penyempurnaan sebagai yaitu perlu dipastikan kembali kehalalan bahan dari makanan, minuman, vaksin, dan vitamin yang digunakan, perlu adanya pemastian menghadap kiblat, perlu adanya pemastian bahwa ayam yang disembelih sudah betul-betul mati sebelum proses selanjutnya atau minimal menunggu 3 menit. Risiko yang dapat terjadi dikelompokkan menjadi resiko rendah, resiko sedang dan resiko tinggi. Risiko rendah yaitu daging ayam tercampur dengan bahan najis/haram dan timbangan tidak sesuai. Resiko sedang yaitu penyembelihan tidak menghadap kiblat. Sedangkan resiko tinggi yaitu ayam belum benar-benar mati karena berhubungan langsung dengan kehalalan daging ayam. Hal ini pula yang jarang disadari oleh para pemasok daging ayam mereka kebanyakan tidak memastikan benar-benar mati atau tidak menunggu setidaknya 3 menit. Oleh karena itu, dibutuhkan edukasi, standarisasi, serta kalibrasi timbangan. Kata kunci  :   supply chain,  kehalalan, haram, Pasar Baru Karawang One of the products that are close to the community and always in demand for consumption is chicken. Therefore, it is necessary to study the halal chicken meat in the supply chain process from upstream to downstream. This research took the object, namely chicken meat sold in Pasar Baru Karawang. The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are that the three suppliers of chicken meat to the Karawang new market in general, based on direct observations in the field, have met the syar'i requirements regarding the halalness of chicken meat and until the end consumers are not contaminated with haram / najis goods. However, improvements are still needed as it is necessary to re-confirm the halalness of the ingredients of the food, drinks, vaccines, and vitamins used, it is necessary to ensure facing the Qibla, it is necessary to ensure that the slaughtered chickens have really died before the next process or at least wait 3 minute. The risks that can occur are grouped into low risk, medium risk and high risk. Low risk, namely the chicken meat is mixed with unclean / haram ingredients and the scale is not suitable. The risk is moderate, namely the slaughter does not face the Qibla. Meanwhile, the high risk is that the chicken has not really died because it is directly related to the halal meat of the chicken. It is also something that is rarely realized by most of their chicken meat suppliers who do not ensure that they are really dead or do not wait at least 3 minutes. Therefore, it takes education, standardization, and scale calibration.  Keyword : supply chain,  halal, haram, Pasar Baru Karawang (traditional market)

Coordination of a Socially Responsible Two-Stage Supply Chain Under Random Demand

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (05) ◽  
pp. 1950029
Author(s):  
Xia Zhao ◽  
Ning Li ◽  
Liang Song
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Revenue Sharing ◽  
Expected Profit ◽  
Order Quantity ◽  
Random Demand ◽  
Coordination Problem ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Corporate Social

This paper investigates the coordination problem of a supply chain (SC) composed of a manufacturer and a retailer both exhibiting corporate social responsibility (CSR) under generic random demand. Under a centralized decision, the unimodality of the expected profit is proven, and the expected profit of the SC is shown to be larger than that of the SC without CSR. Under a decentralized decision dominated by the manufacturer, the manufacturer determines the wholesale price and its CSR investment, and then the retailer decides the order quantity and its CSR investment. After showing that the revenue-sharing (RS) contract is not able to coordinate the SC, a modified RS (MRS) contract is proposed to coordinate the SC. At last, the numerical examples in which random demands follow normal distribution and uniform distribution are used to illustrate the validity of the theoretical analysis and the coordination effectiveness of the MRS contract.

scholarly journals Research on Coordination of Fresh Produce Supply Chain in Big Market Sales Environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juning Su ◽  
Jiebing Wu ◽  
Chenguang Liu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Optimal Order ◽  
Order Quantity ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Transportation Time ◽  
Decentralized Supply Chain ◽  
Deterioration Rate

In this paper, we propose two decision models for decentralized and centralized fresh produce supply chains with stochastic supply and demand and controllable transportation time. The optimal order quantity and the optimal transportation time in these two supply chain systems are derived. To improve profits in a decentralized supply chain, based on analyzing the risk taken by each participant in the supply chain, we design a set of contracts which can coordinate this type of fresh produce supply chain with stochastic supply and stochastic demand, and controllable transportation time as well. We also obtain a value range of contract parameters that can increase profits of all participants in the decentralized supply chain. The expected profits of the decentralized setting and the centralized setting are compared with respect to given numerical examples. Furthermore, the sensitivity analyses of the deterioration rate factor and the freshness factor are performed. The results of numerical examples show that the transportation time is shorter, the order quantity is smaller, the total profit of whole supply chain is less, and the possibility of cooperation between supplier and retailer is higher for the fresh produce which is more perishable and its quality decays more quickly.

scholarly journals Coordination of a Random Yield Supply Chain with a Loss-Averse Supplier

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiarong Luo ◽  
Xu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Loss Aversion ◽  
Optimal Order ◽  
Random Yield ◽  
Order Quantity ◽  
Optimal Production ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Risk Neutral ◽  
Production Quantity ◽  
Optimal Order Quantity

This paper investigates the coordination of a supply chain consisting of a loss-averse supplier and a risk-neutral buyer who orders products from the supplier who suffers from random yield to meet a deterministic demand. We derive the risk-neutral buyer’s optimal order policy and the loss-averse supplier’s optimal production policy under shortage-penalty-surplus-subsidy (SPSS) contracts. We also analyze the impacts of loss aversion on the loss-averse supplier’s production decision making and find that the loss-averse supplier may produce less than, equal to, or more than the risk-neutral supplier. Then, we provide explicit conditions on which the random yield supply chain with a loss-averse supplier can be coordinated under SPSS contracts. Finally, adopting numerical examples, we find that when the shortage penalty is low, the buyer’s optimal order quantity will increase, while the supplier’s optimal production quantity will first decrease and then increase as the loss aversion level increases. When the shortage penalty is high, the buyer’s optimal order quantity will decrease but the supplier’s optimal production quantity will always increase as the loss aversion level increases. Furthermore, the numerical examples provide strong evidence for the view that SPSS contracts can effectively improve the performance of the whole supply chain.

Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: How Radical Lymphadenectomy Should be Performed?

Swiss Surgery ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-68
Author(s):  
Schweizer ◽  
Seifert ◽  
Gemsenjäger
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Papillary Thyroid ◽  
Sentinel Nodes ◽  
Fand Sich ◽  
Radical Lymphadenectomy ◽  
N Status

Fragestellung: Die Bedeutung von Lymphknotenbefall bei papillärem Schilddrüsenkarzinom und die optimale Lymphknotenchirurgie werden kontrovers beurteilt. Methodik: Retrospektive Langzeitstudie eines Operateurs (n = 159), prospektive Dokumentation, Nachkontrolle 1-27 (x = 8) Jahre, Untersuchung mit Bezug auf Lymphknotenbefall. Resultate: Staging. Bei 42 Patienten wurde wegen makroskopischem Lymphknotenbefall (cN1) eine therapeutische Lymphadenektomie durchgeführt, mit pN1 Status bei 41 (98%) Patienten. Unter 117 Patienten ohne Anhalt für Lymphknotenbefall (cN0) fand sich okkulter Befall bei 5/29 (17%) Patienten mit elektiver (prophylaktischer) Lymphadenektomie, und bei 2/88 (2.3%) Patienten ohne Lymphadenektomie (metachroner Befall) (p < 0.005). Lymphknotenrezidive traten (1-5 Jahre nach kurativer Primärtherapie) bei 5/42 (12%) pN1 und bei 3/114 (2.6%) cN0, pN0 Tumoren auf (p = 0009). Das 20-Jahres-Überleben war bei TNM I + II (low risk) Patienten 100%, d.h. unabhängig vom N Status; pN1 vs. pN0, cN0 beeinflusste das Überleben ungünstig bei high risk (>= 45-jährige) Patienten (50% vs. 86%; p = 0.03). Diskussion: Der makroskopische intraoperative Lymphknotenbefund (cN) hat Bedeutung: - Befall ist meistens richtig positiv (pN1) und erfordert eine ausreichend radikale, d.h. systematische, kompartiment-orientierte Lymphadenektomie (Mikrodissektion) zur Verhütung von - kurablem oder gefährlichem - Rezidiv. - Okkulter Befall bei unauffälligen Lymphknoten führt selten zum klinischen Rezidiv und beeinflusst das Überleben nicht. Wir empfehlen eine weniger radikale (sampling), nur zentrale prophylaktische Lymphadenektomie, ohne Risiko von chirurgischer Morbidität. Ein empfindlicherer Nachweis von okkultem Befund (Immunhistochemie, Schnellschnitt von sampling Gewebe oder sentinel nodes) erscheint nicht rational. Bei pN0, cN0 Befund kommen Verzicht auf 131I Prophylaxe und eine weniger intensive Nachsorge in Frage.

Individuals at high risk for suicide are categorically distinct from those at low risk.

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy K. Witte ◽  
Jill M. Holm-Denoma ◽  
Kelly L. Zuromski ◽  
Jami M. Gauthier ◽  
John Ruscio
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Low Risk

AGENCY PROBLEM DALAM PENERAPAN PEMBIAYAAN AKAD MUDHARABAH PADA PERBANKAN SYARIAH

ALQALAM ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Aswadi Lubis
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Asymmetric Information ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Moral Hazard ◽  
Adverse Selection ◽  
Agency Problem ◽  
Agency Problems ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
The Public

The purpose of writing this article is to describe the agency problems that arise in the application of the financing with mudharabah on Islamic banking. In this article the author describes the use of the theory of financing, asymetri information, agency problems inside of financing. The conclusion of this article is that the financing is asymmetric information problems will arise, both adverse selection and moral hazard. The high risk of prospective managers (mudharib) for their moral hazard and lack of readiness of human resources in Islamic banking is among the factors that make the composition of the distribution of funds to the public more in the form of financing. The limitations that can be done to optimize this financing is among other things; owners of capital supervision (monitoring) and the customers themselves place restrictions on its actions (bonding).

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