scholarly journals A Two-Stage Procedure for Microwave Imaging of a Buried Dielectric along with the Randomly Rough Surface above It

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Tolga Ulaş Gürbüz ◽  
Birol Aslanyürek
Keyword(s):  
Rough Surface ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Microwave Imaging ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Nonlinear Inversion ◽  
Source Inversion ◽  
Entire Region ◽  
Two Stage

A two-stage microwave imaging procedure based on the contrast source inversion (CSI) is proposed for the determination of a buried dielectric along with the rough surface above it. It was previously shown that, the CSI, is very effective for the determination of a dielectric buried under a known rough surface. However, for an unknown surface, the application of the CSI to the entire region containing both the object and the roughness will yield significantly inaccurate dielectric property values and, thus, determination of objects will be almost impossible especially when they are small in size or low in contrast. Thus, we propose to construct a reference model for the background without the object by preimaging the entire region in a frequency-hopping scheme and imposing the a priori known property values to the approximately determined morphology of the background. In the second stage, the CSI is performed at single frequency, assuming the constructed reference model as the background. In this case, by taking the advantage of nonlinear inversion and without a restrictive assumption about the characteristics of the rough surface, the proposed approach yields qualitatively satisfactory results even for multiple objects buried under a surface having a high frequency or large roughness.

Quantitative Determination of Plasminogen

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (02) ◽  
pp. 191-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D Bruhn ◽  
L Müller ◽  
F Duckert
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Assay System ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
System Activation ◽  
Frozen Plasma

SummaryA modification of the caseinolytic assay for plasminogen is described. This assay system is characterized by the following features :1. Urokinase is used as activator achieving a complete activation of the plasminogen whereas with streptokinase caseinolytically inactive plasminogen-activator complexes are formed.2. All incubation times are reduced to the minimum which is still compatible with accuracy.3. Results are expressed in percent of a standard of ten normal plasmas.4. In this two-stage assay-system (activation of plasminogen to plasmin, digestion of casein by plasmin) both stages proceed simultaneously in the same system, thus the plasmin formed is stabilized “in statu nascendi” by the casein.5. Several conditions (stability of plasminogen in frozen plasma, use of anticoagulants, reproducibility) are defined.

Two-Stage Procedure for the Quantitative Determination of Autoprothrombin III Concentration and Some Applications

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 198-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald S Reno ◽  
Walter H Seegers
Keyword(s):  
Prothrombin Time ◽  
Factor Vii ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Assay Procedure ◽  
Bovine Plasma ◽  
The One ◽  
Autoprothrombin C

SummaryA two-stage assay procedure was developed for the determination of the autoprothrombin C titre which can be developed from prothrombin or autoprothrombin III containing solutions. The proenzyme is activated by Russell’s viper venom and the autoprothrombin C activity that appears is measured by its ability to shorten the partial thromboplastin time of bovine plasma.Using the assay, the autoprothrombin C titre was determined in the plasma of several species, as well as the percentage of it remaining in the serum from blood clotted in glass test tubes. Much autoprothrombin III remains in human serum. With sufficient thromboplastin it was completely utilized. Plasma from selected patients with coagulation disorders was assayed and only Stuart plasma was abnormal. In so-called factor VII, IX, and P.T.A. deficiency the autoprothrombin C titre and thrombin titre that could be developed was normal. In one case (prethrombin irregularity) practically no thrombin titre developed but the amount of autoprothrombin C which generated was in the normal range.Dogs were treated with Dicumarol and the autoprothrombin C titre that could be developed from their plasmas decreased until only traces could be detected. This coincided with a lowering of the thrombin titre that could be developed and a prolongation of the one-stage prothrombin time. While the Dicumarol was acting, the dogs were given an infusion of purified bovine prothrombin and the levels of autoprothrombin C, thrombin and one-stage prothrombin time were followed for several hours. The tests became normal immediately after the infusion and then went back to preinfusion levels over a period of 24 hrs.In other dogs the effect of Dicumarol was reversed by giving vitamin K1 intravenously. The effect of the vitamin was noticed as early as 20 min after administration.In response to vitamin K the most pronounced increase was with that portion of the prothrombin molecule which yields thrombin. The proportion of that protein with respect to the precursor of autoprothrombin C increased during the first hour and then started to go down and after 3 hrs was equal to the proportion normally found in plasma.

Crime and Punishment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Adelstein
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Court Case ◽  
Efficient Allocation ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Supreme Court Case

This chapter elaborates the operation of criminal liability by closely considering efficient crimes and the law’s stance toward them, shows how its commitment to proportional punishment prevents the probability scaling that systemically efficient allocation requires, and discusses the procedures that determine the actual liability prices imposed on offenders. Efficient crimes are effectively encouraged by proportional punishment, and their nature and implications are examined. But proportional punishment precludes probability scaling, and induces far more than the systemically efficient number of crimes. Liability prices that match the specific costs imposed by the offender at bar are sought through a two-stage procedure of legislative determination of punishment ranges ex ante and judicial determination of exact prices ex post, which creates a dilemma: whether to price crimes accurately in the past or deter them accurately in the future. An illustrative Supreme Court case bringing all these themes together is discussed in conclusion.

Finite-element contrast source inversion method for microwave imaging

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 115010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amer Zakaria ◽  
Colin Gilmore ◽  
Joe LoVetri
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Microwave Imaging ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Source Inversion ◽  
Contrast Source Inversion

scholarly journals A Subspace Preconditioned LSQR Gauss-Newton Method with a Constrained Line Search Path Applied to 3D Biomedical Microwave Imaging

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Jürgen De Zaeytijd ◽  
Ann Franchois
Keyword(s):  
Complex Permittivity ◽  
Line Search ◽  
Synthetic Data ◽  
Iterative Solution ◽  
Initial Guess ◽  
Microwave Imaging ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Problem Solution ◽  
Source Position ◽  
Search Path

Three contributions that can improve the performance of a Newton-type iterative quantitative microwave imaging algorithm in a biomedical context are proposed. (i) To speed up the iterative forward problem solution, we extrapolate the initial guess of the field from a few field solutions corresponding to previous source positions for the same complex permittivity (i.e., “marching on in source position”) as well as from a Born-type approximation that is computed from a field solution corresponding to one previous complex permittivity profile for the same source position. (ii) The regularized Gauss-Newton update system can be ill-conditioned; hence we propose to employ a two-level preconditioned iterative solution method. We apply the subspace preconditioned LSQR algorithm from Jacobsen et al. (2003) and we employ a 3D cosine basis. (iii) We propose a new constrained line search path in the Gauss-Newton optimization, which incorporates in a smooth manner lower and upper bounds on the object permittivity, such that these bounds never can be violated along the search path. Single-frequency reconstructions from bipolarized synthetic data are shown for various three-dimensional numerical biological phantoms, including a realistic breast phantom from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (UWCEM) online repository.

scholarly journals Determination of 1-chloro-1, 2-dibromoethane in the oils and emulsions by means of a two-stage gas chromatography

1965 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 688-691
Author(s):  
Takashi HATTA ◽  
Masamichi KUROSAKI ◽  
Toshihisa SUNADORI ◽  
Hironori HASHIMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Two Stage
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