scholarly journals Corrigendum to “Chicken Collagen from Law Market Value By-Products as an Alternate Source”

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
Kumudini A. Munasinghe ◽  
Jurgen G. Schwarz ◽  
Anthony K. Nyame
Keyword(s):  
Market Value ◽  
Alternate Source ◽  
By Products

scholarly journals Chicken Collagen from Law Market Value By-Products as an Alternate Source

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumudini A. Munasinghe ◽  
Jurgen G. Schwarz ◽  
Anthony K. Nyame
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Inorganic Material ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
One Step ◽  
Alternate Source ◽  
By Products ◽  
Potential Use

There has been much interest in investigating possible means of making collagen from underutilized chicken by-products and it will lead to an alternate source of collagen for use in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biomedical materials, and the food industry. The objective of this research was to find methods to extract collagen from chicken skins and bones to compare the corresponding yield differences and analyze their properties. Collagen extracted by acetic acid, citric acid, alkali, one-step acetic acid and pepsin, and two-step acetic acid and pepsin extraction procedures was compared. Complete randomized design, Student’s t-test, and Tukey’s test were used to analyze the samples (P<0.05). The recovered dry weights for the skin extractions were 6.1, 6.2, 5, 38.7, and 40.4% and those of bone extractions were 4.4, 4.1, 4.1, 19.1, and 20.6%, respectively. Protein, fat, and inorganic material contents of collagen preparations for skin were 62.7%, 1.5%, and 0.7% and for bone were 30.4%, 1.4%, and 0.7%, respectively. This study indicates that chicken by-products have high potential use as an alternate source of collagen.Corrigendum to “Chicken Collagen from Law Market Value By-Products as an Alternate Source”

scholarly journals Utilization of Chicken By-Products to Form Collagen Films

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kumudini A. Munasinghe ◽  
Jurgen G. Schwarz ◽  
Matthew Whittiker
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Texture Analyzer ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Alternate Source ◽  
By Products

Chicken collagen casings could be an alternate source of collagen casings that are manufactured for sausages. The overall objective of this project was to extract chicken collagen from by-products of the broiler processing industries and to explore the possibility of making films. Chicken skin was washed, ground, and pretreated to remove the noncollagenous compounds. Collagen was extracted using acetic acid and pepsin. Solubilized collagen was salted-out and centrifuged at 20,000 ×g at 4°C for one hour. The precipitates were dissolved in 0.5 M acetic acid and dialyzed against 0.1 M acetic acid and distilled water before freeze-drying. Molecular weight, collagen solubility at different pH values, and NaCl concentrations were determined. TA-XT2 texture analyzer was used to characterize mechanical properties of collagen films. The highest collagen solubility was obtained at pH 2 and 2% NaCl. Hand-homogenized, nonfiltered, and conditioned samples had the highest hardness (3,262 g) and the least brittleness (30.5 mm). These results demonstrate that chicken collagen extracted from chicken by-products has the ability to form films and could be considered for making casings or be used in various other industries.

scholarly journals Valorization of Agro-Industrial Residues: Bioprocessing of Animal Fats to Reduce Their Acidity

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10837
Author(s):  
António A. Martins ◽  
Soraia Andrade ◽  
Daniela Correia ◽  
Elisabete Matos ◽  
Nídia S. Caetano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Kinetic Modelling ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Enzymatic Esterification ◽  
Feed Ingredient ◽  
Exponential Factor ◽  
Industrial Residues ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
By Products

Adding value to agro-industrial residues is becoming increasingly important, satisfying needs to promote resources’ use efficiency and a more sustainable and circular economy. This work performs a parametric and kinetic study of enzymatic esterification of lard and tallow with high acidity, obtained by the rendering of slaughter by-products, allowing their use as a feed ingredient and increasing their market value. After an initial analysis of potential enzyme candidates, a Candida antarctica lipase B was selected as a biocatalyst for converting free fatty acids (FFA) to esters, using excess ethanol as the reagent. Results show that the fat acidity can be reduced by at least 67% in up to 3 h of reaction time at 45 °C, using the mass ratios of 3.25 ethanol/FFA and 0.0060 enzyme/fat. Kinetic modelling shows an irreversible second-order rate law, function of FFA, and ethanol concentration better fitting the experimental results. Activation energy is 54.7 kJ/mol and pre-exponential factor is 4.6 × 106 L mol−1 min−1.

scholarly journals Forecasting Quantitative Risk Indicators of Investors in Projects of Biohydrogen Production from Agricultural Raw Materials

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Tryhuba ◽  
Taras Hutsol ◽  
Szymon Glowacki ◽  
Inna Tryhuba ◽  
Sylwester Tabor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Probability Theory ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Biohydrogen Production ◽  
Risk Indicators ◽  
By Products

Hydrogen is increasingly considered as an environmentally friendly energy source as it stores a large amount of chemical energy per unit mass (142 MJ·kg−1) that can be released without the emission of combustion by-products. The presented research is based on simulation modeling of biohydrogen production projects from agricultural waste. Based on the probability theory and mathematical statistics, the models of the variable market value of biohydrogen and natural gas are substantiated. The results of the research indicate that in 2019, projects regarding the production of biohydrogen from agricultural raw materials were mostly unprofitable for the investors. However, starting in 2030, the forecasted return on investment in biohydrogen production projects from agricultural raw materials indicates that such projects will be profitable for investors, and the number and scale of such projects will significantly increase worldwide.

Hydrogen Cyanide Polymers from the Impact of Comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter

1997 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 179-187
Author(s):  
Clifford N. Matthews ◽  
Rose A. Pesce-Rodriguez ◽  
Shirley A. Liebman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Solar System ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Nitrogen Heterocycles ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Heterogeneous Solids ◽  
The Many ◽  
Comet Halley ◽  
The Impact ◽  
By Products

AbstractHydrogen cyanide polymers – heterogeneous solids ranging in color from yellow to orange to brown to black – may be among the organic macromolecules most readily formed within the Solar System. The non-volatile black crust of comet Halley, for example, as well as the extensive orangebrown streaks in the atmosphere of Jupiter, might consist largely of such polymers synthesized from HCN formed by photolysis of methane and ammonia, the color observed depending on the concentration of HCN involved. Laboratory studies of these ubiquitous compounds point to the presence of polyamidine structures synthesized directly from hydrogen cyanide. These would be converted by water to polypeptides which can be further hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. Black polymers and multimers with conjugated ladder structures derived from HCN could also be formed and might well be the source of the many nitrogen heterocycles, adenine included, observed after pyrolysis. The dark brown color arising from the impacts of comet P/Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter might therefore be mainly caused by the presence of HCN polymers, whether originally present, deposited by the impactor or synthesized directly from HCN. Spectroscopic detection of these predicted macromolecules and their hydrolytic and pyrolytic by-products would strengthen significantly the hypothesis that cyanide polymerization is a preferred pathway for prebiotic and extraterrestrial chemistry.

Bright-Field Images (Ctem) of Phase Objects at High Resolution

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 490-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumio Iijima
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Electron Beam Irradiation ◽  
Fine Particles ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Good Test ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Single Crystal Films ◽  
Crystal Films ◽  
By Products ◽  
Test Objects

We have developed a technique to prepare thin single crystal films of graphite for use as supporting films for high resolution electron microscopy. As we showed elsewhere (1), these films are completely noiseless and therefore can be used in the observation of phase objects by CTEM, such as single atoms or molecules as a means for overcoming the difficulties because of the background noise which appears with amorphous carbon supporting films, even though they are prepared so as to be less than 20Å thick. Since the graphite films are thinned by reaction with WO3 crystals under electron beam irradiation in the microscope, some small crystallites of WC or WC2 are inevitably left on the films as by-products. These particles are usually found to be over 10-20Å diameter but very fine particles are also formed on the film and these can serve as good test objects for studying the image formation of phase objects.

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