scholarly journals The Interaction among Microbiota, Immunity, and Genetic and Dietary Factors Is theCondicio Sine Qua NonCeliac Disease Can Develop

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Pagliari ◽  
R. Urgesi ◽  
S. Frosali ◽  
M. E. Riccioni ◽  
E. E. Newton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Genetic Determination ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Hla Dq ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function ◽  
Environmental Trigger

Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy, triggered by dietary wheat gluten and similar proteins of barley and rye in genetically susceptible individuals. This is a complex disorder involving both environmental and immune-genetic factors. The major genetic risk factor for CD is determined by HLA-DQ genes. Dysfunction of the innate and adaptive immune systems can conceivably cause impairment of mucosal barrier function and development of localized or systemic inflammatory and autoimmune processes. Exposure to gluten is the main environmental trigger responsible for the signs and symptoms of the disease, but exposure to gluten does not fully explain the manifestation of CD. Thus, both genetic determination and environmental exposure to gluten are necessary for the full manifestation of CD; neither of them is sufficient alone. Epidemiological and clinical data suggest that other environmental factors, including infections, alterations in the intestinal microbiota composition, and early feeding practices, might also play a role in disease development. Thus, this interaction is thecondicio sine qua nonceliac disease can develop. The breakdown of the interaction among microbiota, innate immunity, and genetic and dietary factors leads to disruption of homeostasis and inflammation; and tissue damage occurs. Focusing attention on this interaction and its breakdown may allow a better understanding of the CD pathogenesis and lead to novel translational avenues for preventing and treating this widespread disease.

scholarly journals Immune Development and Intestinal Microbiota in Celiac Disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Pozo-Rubio ◽  
Marta Olivares ◽  
Esther Nova ◽  
Giada De Palma ◽  
Jorge R. Mujico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Hla Dq ◽  
Duration Of Breastfeeding ◽  
Dietary Strategies

Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated enteropathy, triggered by dietary wheat gluten and similar proteins of barley and rye in genetically susceptible individuals. The etiology of this disorder is complex, involving both environmental and genetic factors. The major genetic risk factor for CD is represented by HLA-DQ genes, which account for approximately 40% of the genetic risk; however, only a small percentage of carriers develop the disease. Gluten is the main environmental factor responsible for the signs and symptoms of the disease, but exposure to gluten does not fully explain the manifestation of CD. Epidemiological and clinical data suggest that environmental factors other than gluten might play a role in disease development, including early feeding practices (e.g., breast milkversusformula and duration of breastfeeding), infections, and alterations in the intestinal microbiota composition. Herein, we review what is known about the influence of dietary factors, exposure to infectious agents, and intestinal microbiota composition, particularly in early life, on the risk of developing CD, as well as the possible dietary strategies to induce or increase gluten tolerance.

scholarly journals Contribution of Infectious Agents to the Development of Celiac Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 547
Author(s):  
Daniel Sánchez ◽  
Iva Hoffmanová ◽  
Adéla Szczepanková ◽  
Věra Hábová ◽  
Helena Tlaskalová-Hogenová
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Food Antigens ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
And Function

The ingestion of wheat gliadin (alcohol-soluble proteins, an integral part of wheat gluten) and related proteins induce, in genetically predisposed individuals, celiac disease (CD), which is characterized by immune-mediated impairment of the small intestinal mucosa. The lifelong omission of gluten and related grain proteins, i.e., a gluten-free diet (GFD), is at present the only therapy for CD. Although a GFD usually reduces CD symptoms, it does not entirely restore the small intestinal mucosa to a fully healthy state. Recently, the participation of microbial components in pathogenetic mechanisms of celiac disease was suggested. The present review provides information on infectious diseases associated with CD and the putative role of infections in CD development. Moreover, the involvement of the microbiota as a factor contributing to pathological changes in the intestine is discussed. Attention is paid to the mechanisms by which microbes and their components affect mucosal immunity, including tolerance to food antigens. Modulation of microbiota composition and function and the potential beneficial effects of probiotics in celiac disease are discussed.

scholarly journals Celiac disease and its histopathology

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1118-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Pudasaini
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Duodenal Biopsy ◽  
Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Positive Serology ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Disorder ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Systemic Manifestations ◽  
Hla Dq2

Celiac disease is gluten induced enteropathy and is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine characterized by malabsorption. It is a common immune mediated disorder which is triggered by consumption of wheat (gluten). It occurs in genetically predisposed individuals (carriers of HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 haplotypes). It is characterized by inflammation of the small-intestinal mucosa and myriad gastrointestinal and systemic manifestations. A duodenal biopsy with positive serology is the gold standard for the diagnosis of Celiac disease. As there are changing presentation for Celiac disease, communication of pathologist and gastroenterologists is essential for appropriate interpretation of duodenal biopsy.

scholarly journals Presence of DQ2.2 Associated with DQ2.5 Increases the Risk for Celiac Disease

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Malta Almeida ◽  
Lenora Gandolfi ◽  
Riccardo Pratesi ◽  
Rosa Harumi Uenishi ◽  
Fernanda Coutinho de Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Disease Development ◽  
Immunogenic Peptides ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Hla Dq ◽  
Genetically Determined

Background. Celiac disease (CD) is a genetically determined immune-mediated disorder in which gluten immunogenic peptides are presented to CD4 T cells by HLA-DQ2.5, DQ8, DQ2.2, and their combinations. Our aim is to establish a risk gradient for celiac disease based on HLA-DQ profile in a brazilian representative population and the relevance of DQ2.2 in celiac disease development. Materials and Methods. 237 celiac patients and 237 controls (both groups with 164 females and 73 males) were included. All samples were tested for the presence of predisposing HLA-DQ alleles using the PCR-SSP method. Results were considered significant when p<0.05. Disease risk was expressed as 1 : N for each HLA-DQ category described at this study. Results. DQ2.5 and/or DQ8 were detected in 224 celiac patients (94.5%) and 84 controls (35.4%). Eight celiac patients (3.4%) and 38 controls (16%) disclosed only DQ2.2. Even though DQ2.2 (β2/β2 or β2/x) showed a low CD risk of 1 : 251 and 1 : 550, respectively, the genotype DQ2.5/DQ2.2 (β2/β2) showed high CD risk of 1 : 10 (p<0.0001). The disease risk gradient ranged from 1 : 3014 to 1 : 7. Conclusion. Our study allowed the determination of a risk gradient for celiac disease development in at-risk population, showing that DQ2.2 variant was relevant when associated with DQ2.5.

Celiac Disease Presenting as Hemolytic Anemia Mimic: A Case Report

2021 ◽  
pp. 263394472110534
Author(s):  
Anjum Siddiqui ◽  
Ruhi Khan
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Severe Anemia ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Systemic Disorder ◽  
Variable Combination ◽  
Disease Specific

Celiac disease, an immune-mediated enteropathy, results from gluten ingestion in the form of wheat, rye, and barley in genetically susceptible individuals. It is a systemic disorder characterized by a variable combination of gluten-related signs and symptoms, and disease-specific antibodies in addition to enteropathy. The clinical presentation of celiac disease is extremely variable: a small proportion of patients presenting with severe gastrointestinal symptoms and malabsorption, and extraintestinal symptoms, and a large proportion having no symptoms at all. Owing to the varied clinical presentation, diagnosing celiac disease remains a challenge. We present a case of celiac disease presenting with severe anemia and clinical features suggestive of hemolytic anemia, making diagnosis even more difficult.

scholarly journals Extra-Intestinal Manifestations of Celiac Disease: What Should We Know in 2022?

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Marilena Durazzo ◽  
Arianna Ferro ◽  
Isabella Brascugli ◽  
Simone Mattivi ◽  
Sharmila Fagoonee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Liver Function Tests ◽  
Abnormal Liver Function ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Atypical Symptoms ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Atypical Manifestations ◽  
Small Intestinal

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic, small-intestinal, immune-mediated enteropathy due to gluten exposition in genetically predisposed individuals. It occurs in about 1% of the population and often remains an underdiagnosed condition. This could be due to the fact that the adult population often lacks the classical signs and symptoms of CD, manifesting only atypical symptoms. In this review we analyzed the main extra-intestinal manifestations of CD which include cutaneous and endocrinological disorders, abnormal liver function tests, and neuropsychiatric features. When CD is not diagnosed and therefore is not treated with a gluten-free diet (GFD), it can predispose to severe complications, not only gastrointestinal. Thus, it is important for clinicians to quickly recognize the atypical manifestations of CD, considering that an early diagnosis can significantly impact on a patient’s prognosis.

Orally Based Diagnosis of Celiac Disease: Current Perspectives

2008 ◽  
Vol 87 (12) ◽  
pp. 1100-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Pastore ◽  
G. Campisi ◽  
D. Compilato ◽  
L. Lo Muzio
Keyword(s):  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Tissue Transglutaminase ◽  
Wheat Gluten ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Small Intestinal Mucosa ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Histopathologic Findings ◽  
Antibody Tests

Celiac disease (CD) is a lifelong immune-mediated disorder caused by the ingestion of wheat gluten in genetically susceptible persons. Most cases of CD are atypical and remain undiagnosed, which exposes the individuals to the risk of life-threatening complications. Serologic endomysial and tissue transglutaminase antibody tests are used to screen at-risk individuals, although a firm diagnosis requires demonstration of characteristic histopathologic findings in the small-intestinal mucosa. A gluten challenge, with a repeat biopsy to demonstrate recurrence of histopathologic changes in the intestinal mucosa after the re-introduction of gluten, is considered for those persons in whom diagnosis remains in doubt. In this paper, we review studies that evaluated: (1) the possibility of using oral mucosa for the initial diagnosis of CD or for local gluten challenge; and (2) the possibility of using salivary CD-associated antibodies as screening tests. Our review shows that orally based diagnosis of CD is attractive and promising, although additional evaluations with standardized collection and analysis methods are needed. There is some evidence of a dissociation between systemic and oral mucosal immune responses in CD. The hypothesis that gluten could stimulate naïve lymphocytes directly in the oral cavity would have important implications for the understanding, diagnosis, and management of CD.

scholarly journals Dual threat of comorbidity of celiac disease and systemic lupus erythematosus

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 030006052110122
Author(s):  
Yimin Ma ◽  
Duanming Zhuang ◽  
Zhenguo Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Failure To Thrive ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Electrolyte Disorders ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Immune Mediated

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated intestinal disease that is characterized by production of autoantibodies directed against the small intestine. The main clinical manifestations of CD are typically defined as those related to indigestion and malabsorption. These manifestations include unexplained diarrhea or constipation, abdominal pain, bloating, weight loss, anemia, failure-to-thrive in children, and decreased bone density. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by heterogeneous clinical manifestations, which may also involve the gastrointestinal tract. Comorbidity of CD and SLE is rare, and the overlapping symptoms and nonspecific clinical presentation may pose a diagnostic challenge to clinicians. We report here a case of SLE with CD, which mainly manifested as recurrent diarrhea, uncorrectable electrolyte disorders, and severe malnutrition. Through review, we hope to further improve our understanding and diagnostic level of this combination of diseases.

scholarly journals N-Acetylcysteine improves intestinal function and attenuates intestinal autophagy in piglets challenged with β-conglycinin

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiyun Wang ◽  
Chengcheng Li ◽  
Meng Peng ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Di Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peptide Transporter ◽  
Mucosal Barrier ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Intestinal Function ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Fatty Acid Binding ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Mucosal Barrier Function

Abstractβ-Conglycinin (β-CG), an anti-nutritional factor, is a major allergen in soybeans to induce intestinal dysfunction and diarrhea in neonatal animals, including piglets and human infants. This study with a piglet model determined the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on intestinal function and autophagy in response to β-CG challenge. Twenty-four 12-day-old piglets (3.44 ± 0.28 kg), which had been weaned at 7 days of age and adapted for 5 days after weaning, were randomly allocated to the control, β-CG, and β-CG + NAC groups. Piglets in the control group were fed a liquid diet containing 10% casein, whereas those in the β-CG and β-CG + NAC groups were fed the basal liquid diets containing 9.5% casein and 0.5% β-CG for 2 days. Thereafter, pigs in the β-CG + NAC group were orally administrated with 50 mg (kg BW)−1 NAC for 3 days, while pigs in the other two groups were orally administrated with the same volume of sterile saline. NAC numerically reduced diarrhea incidence (− 46.2%) and the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, but increased claudin-1 and intestinal fatty-acid binding protein (iFABP) protein abundances and activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase in the jejunum of β-CG-challenged piglets. Although β-CG challenge decreased the villus height, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and mRNA levels of claudin-1 and occludin, no significant differences were observed in these indices between the control and β-CG + NAC groups, suggesting the positive effects of NAC supplementation on intestinal mucosal barrier function. Moreover, NAC increased the concentrations of citrulline and D-xylose in the plasma, as well as the expression of genes for aquaporin (AQP) 3, AQP4, peptide transporter 1 (PepT1), sodium/glucose co-transporter-1 (SGLT-1), potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 13 (KCNJ13), and solute carrier family 1 member 1 (SLC1A1) in the jejunum, demonstrating that NAC augmented intestinal metabolic activity and absorptive function. Remarkably, NAC decreased Atg5 protein abundance and the LC3II/LC3I ratio (an indicator of autophagy) in the jejunum of β-CG-challenged piglets. Taken together, NAC supplementation improved intestinal function and attenuated intestinal autophagy in β-CG-challenged piglets.

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