scholarly journals Involvement of Thalamus in Initiation of Epileptic Seizures Induced by Pilocarpine in Mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Hua Li ◽  
Jia-Jia Li ◽  
Qin-Chi Lu ◽  
Hai-Qing Gong ◽  
Pei-Ji Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Flow ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Seizure Onset ◽  
Parafascicular Nucleus ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Initiation Period ◽  
Variation Tendency

Studies have suggested that thalamus is involved in temporal lobe epilepsy, but the role of thalamus is still unclear. We obtained local filed potentials (LFPs) and single-unit activities from CA1 of hippocampus and parafascicular nucleus of thalamus during the development of epileptic seizures induced by pilocarpine in mice. Two measures, redundancy and directionality index, were used to analyze the electrophysiological characters of neuronal activities and the information flow between thalamus and hippocampus. We found that LFPs became more regular during the seizure in both hippocampus and thalamus, and in some cases LFPs showed a transient disorder at seizure onset. The variation tendency of the peak values of cross-correlation function between neurons matched the variation tendency of the redundancy of LFPs. The information tended to flow from thalamus to hippocampus during seizure initiation period no matter what the information flow direction was before the seizure. In some cases the information flow was symmetrically bidirectional, but none was found in which the information flowed from hippocampus to thalamus during the seizure initiation period. In addition, inactivation of thalamus by tetrodotoxin (TTX) resulted in a suppression of seizures. These results suggest that thalamus may play an important role in the initiation of epileptic seizures.

scholarly journals Evidence for a Role of the Parafascicular Nucleus of the Thalamus in the Control of Epileptic Seizures by the Superior Colliculus

Epilepsia ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Nail-Boucherie ◽  
Bich-Thuy Le-Pham ◽  
Serge Gobaille ◽  
Michel Maitre ◽  
Dominique Aunis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Parafascicular Nucleus

Microbiological Detoxification of Hazardous Organic Contaminants: The Crucial Role of Substrate Interactions

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Rittmann
Keyword(s):  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Energy Flows ◽  
Hazardous Pollutants ◽  
Primary Substrate ◽  
Substrate Types

Microbiological detoxification of hazardous organic pollutants is highly promising, but its reliable implementation requires a sophisticated understanding of several different substrate types and how they interact. This paper carefully defines the substrate types and explains how their interactions affect the bacteria's electron and energy flows, information flow, and degradative activity. For example, primary substrates, which are essential for growth and maintenance of the bacteria, also interact with degradation of specific hazardous pollutants by being inducers, inhibitors, and direct or indirect cosubstrates. The target contaminants, which often are secondary substrates, also have the interactive roles of self-inhibitor, inhibitor of primary-substrate utilization, inducer, and a part of an aggregate primary substrate.

scholarly journals The Role of Network Science in Glioblastoma

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1045
Author(s):  
Marta B. Lopes ◽  
Eduarda P. Martins ◽  
Susana Vinga ◽  
Bruno M. Costa
Keyword(s):  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Network Science ◽  
Cancer Genomics ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Network Discovery ◽  
Software Implementations

Network science has long been recognized as a well-established discipline across many biological domains. In the particular case of cancer genomics, network discovery is challenged by the multitude of available high-dimensional heterogeneous views of data. Glioblastoma (GBM) is an example of such a complex and heterogeneous disease that can be tackled by network science. Identifying the architecture of molecular GBM networks is essential to understanding the information flow and better informing drug development and pre-clinical studies. Here, we review network-based strategies that have been used in the study of GBM, along with the available software implementations for reproducibility and further testing on newly coming datasets. Promising results have been obtained from both bulk and single-cell GBM data, placing network discovery at the forefront of developing a molecularly-informed-based personalized medicine.

scholarly journals Cholinergic Signaling, Neural Excitability, and Epilepsy

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2258
Author(s):  
Yu Wang ◽  
Bei Tan ◽  
Yi Wang ◽  
Zhong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Brain Disorder ◽  
Neural Excitability ◽  
Cholinergic Signaling ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Muscarinic And Nicotinic Receptors ◽  
Cumulative Evidence ◽  
Precise Role

Epilepsy is a common brain disorder characterized by recurrent epileptic seizures with neuronal hyperexcitability. Apart from the classical imbalance between excitatory glutamatergic transmission and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acidergic transmission, cumulative evidence suggest that cholinergic signaling is crucially involved in the modulation of neural excitability and epilepsy. In this review, we briefly describe the distribution of cholinergic neurons, muscarinic, and nicotinic receptors in the central nervous system and their relationship with neural excitability. Then, we summarize the findings from experimental and clinical research on the role of cholinergic signaling in epilepsy. Furthermore, we provide some perspectives on future investigation to reveal the precise role of the cholinergic system in epilepsy.

scholarly journals Multimodal in vivo recording using transparent graphene microelectrodes illuminates spatiotemporal seizure dynamics at the microscale

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolette Driscoll ◽  
Richard E. Rosch ◽  
Brendan B. Murphy ◽  
Arian Ashourvan ◽  
Ramya Vishnubhotla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
High Temporal Resolution ◽  
Seizure Onset ◽  
Acute Seizures

AbstractNeurological disorders such as epilepsy arise from disrupted brain networks. Our capacity to treat these disorders is limited by our inability to map these networks at sufficient temporal and spatial scales to target interventions. Current best techniques either sample broad areas at low temporal resolution (e.g. calcium imaging) or record from discrete regions at high temporal resolution (e.g. electrophysiology). This limitation hampers our ability to understand and intervene in aberrations of network dynamics. Here we present a technique to map the onset and spatiotemporal spread of acute epileptic seizures in vivo by simultaneously recording high bandwidth microelectrocorticography and calcium fluorescence using transparent graphene microelectrode arrays. We integrate dynamic data features from both modalities using non-negative matrix factorization to identify sequential spatiotemporal patterns of seizure onset and evolution, revealing how the temporal progression of ictal electrophysiology is linked to the spatial evolution of the recruited seizure core. This integrated analysis of multimodal data reveals otherwise hidden state transitions in the spatial and temporal progression of acute seizures. The techniques demonstrated here may enable future targeted therapeutic interventions and novel spatially embedded models of local circuit dynamics during seizure onset and evolution.

QUANTIFYING STOCHASTIC RESONANCE IN A SINGLE THRESHOLD DETECTOR FOR RANDOM APERIODIC SIGNALS

2004 ◽  
Vol 04 (02) ◽  
pp. L247-L265 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARUNEEMA DAS ◽  
N. G. STOCKS ◽  
A. NIKITIN ◽  
E. L. HINES
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Resonance ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Probability Density Functions ◽  
Surprising Result ◽  
Threshold Detector ◽  
Gaussian Form ◽  
Aperiodic Signal

We explore stochastic resonance (SR) effects in a single comparator (threshold detector) driven by either a Gaussian or exponentially distributed aperiodic signal. The behaviour of different performance measures, namely the cross-correlation coefficient (CCC), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and mutual information, I, has been investigated. The signals were added to Gaussian noise before being passed through the threshold detector. For the two signals tested, we observe the perhaps surprising result that the SNR never displays SR. However, SR is displayed by both the CCC and I for Gaussian signals. For exponential signals SR is not displayed by any of the measures. By generating signals whose probability distributions have the generalized Gaussian form Ae-|βx|n it is possible to demonstrate that SR ceases to occur if n<1.7. We conclude that SR is only observable in threshold based systems for certain types of aperiodic signal. Specifically, SR is not expected to occur for signals whose probability density functions have long, slowly decaying, tails. We discuss the implication of these results for the role of SR in biological sensory systems.

scholarly journals The Role of NGOs in Building CSR Discourse around Human Rights in Developing Countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Eun Noh
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Movements ◽  
Information Flow ◽  
Transnational Corporations ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Global Networks ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Development Ngos

As a response to increasing influences of transnational corporations (TNCs) over the lives of the poor, development NGOs have tried to promote their responsibility in cooperative ways: partnership in development projects and voluntary regulations. Notwithstanding some degree of success, these cooperative ways have failed to bring fundamental changes to TNCs. This article outlines the limitations of the mainstream corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the potential of grassroots social movements to make TNCs accountable. People in developing countries have been neglected in the CSR agenda; however, they have power to change corporations as labourers, consumers and citizens. Drawing on case studies, this article suggests that NGOs should support grassroots people in building global networks, constructing collective values and creating the information flow in order to overcome the current shortcomings of community-driven social movements. For these new roles as advocates and facilitators for grassroots movements, NGOs need to transform themselves by pursuing core values.  

Predictors of seizure onset after intracerebral hemorrhage and the role of long-term antiepileptic therapy

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Garrett ◽  
Ricardo J. Komotar ◽  
Robert M. Starke ◽  
Maxwell B. Merkow ◽  
Marc L. Otten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Seizure Onset ◽  
Antiepileptic Therapy

scholarly journals The role of thickness inhomogeneities in hierarchical cortical folding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas da Costa Campos ◽  
Raphael Hornung ◽  
Gerhard Gompper ◽  
Jens Elgeti ◽  
Svenja Caspers
Keyword(s):  
Fetal Brain ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Cortical Folding ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Short Life Expectancy

AbstractThe morphology of the mammalian brain cortex is highly folded. For long it has been known that specific patterns of folding are necessary for an optimally functioning brain. On the extremes, lissencephaly, a lack of folds in humans, and polymicrogyria, an overly folded brain, can lead to severe mental retardation, short life expectancy, epileptic seizures, and tetraplegia. The construction of a quantitative model on how and why these folds appear during the development of the brain is the first step in understanding the cause of these conditions. In recent years, there have been various attempts to understand and model the mechanisms of brain folding. Previous works have shown that mechanical instabilities play a crucial role in the formation of brain folds, and that the geometry of the fetal brain is one of the main factors in dictating the folding characteristics. However, modeling higher-order folding, one of the main characteristics of the highly gyrencephalic brain, has not been fully tackled. The effects of thickness inhomogeneity in the gyrogenesis of the mammalian brain are studied in silico. Finite-element simulations of rectangular slabs are performed. The slabs are divided into two distinct regions, where the outer layer mimics the gray matter, and the inner layer the underlying white matter. Differential growth is introduced by growing the top layer tangentially, while keeping the underlying layer untouched. The brain tissue is modeled as a neo-Hookean hyperelastic material. Simulations are performed with both, homogeneous and inhomogeneous cortical thickness. The homogeneous cortex is shown to fold into a single wavelength, as is common for bilayered materials, while the inhomogeneous cortex folds into more complex conformations. In the early stages of development of the inhomogeneous cortex, structures reminiscent of the deep sulci in the brain are obtained. As the cortex continues to develop, secondary undulations, which are shallower and more variable than the structures obtained in earlier gyrification stage emerge, reproducing well-known characteristics of higher-order folding in the mammalian, and particularly the human, brain.

scholarly journals The problem of the dialogue in “Shakespeare’s text” by Yuri Dombrovsky

2020 ◽  
pp. 176-184
Author(s):  
Aleksei V. Makarychev
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Safe Distance ◽  
Special Situation ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The People

The article is devoted to the study of the “Shakespearean text” by Yuri Dombrovsky from the standpoint of Bakhtin dialogism. Clarifies the concept of “Shakespearean text” refers to and analyzes “Shakespearean text” by Dombrovsky, including artistic works – a trilogy of novels about Shakespeare (“Dark Lady” “Second-highest quality bed”, “Royal Rescript”) and two chapters of the novel “Dark Lady” (“Queen” and “Count Essex”), originally entered into its composition, but later was published separately, as well as two scientific and critical articles – “‘RetlandBaconSouthamptonShakespeare’: about the myth, anti-myth and biographical hypothesis” and “To Italians about Shakespeare”. The study author states that “Shakespearean text” by Yuri Dombrovsky dominated themes of tyranny and government that does not want to hear the people, of censorship, depriving the artist’s freedom of expression and the role of the artist in an unfree society. Special attention is paid to the problem of interaction between Shakespeare and monologue-authoritarian society in the artistic world created by the writer. The author hypothesizes that in the trilogy of short stories about Shakespeare, Dombrovsky addressed such problems of the totalitarian regime as censorship, cruelty and despotism of power from a relatively “safe” distance – the age of Shakespeare. The author notes the presence of a special situation of double dialogue in “Shakespearean text” by Yuri Dombrovsky: the dialogue is conducted through the Shakespearean era with the contemporary writer’s reality, power and culture. The article proves the similarity of Dombrovsky as a biographical author with the Shakespeare he portrayed, and notes the presence of common features in both writers (sacralization of creativity, impulsive character, addiction to alcohol, epileptic seizures, etc.). The conducted research allows us to conclude that Dombrovsky, attempting a dialogue with the monologue-authoritarian power, finds a voice through art, like “his” Shakespeare. Dombrovsky connects the ways of solving the problem of the artist and power with art as the only way to build a dialogue in the conditions of totalitarianism – not so much with the authorities, who are not able to hear it, as with themselves.

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