scholarly journals Hydraulic Fracturing: Paving the Way for a Sustainable Future?

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiangang Chen ◽  
Mohammed H. Al-Wadei ◽  
Rebekah C. M. Kennedy ◽  
Paul D. Terry
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Fracturing Process ◽  
Industrial Level

With the introduction of hydraulic fracturing technology, the United States has become the largest natural gas producer in the world with a substantial portion of the production coming from shale plays. In this review, we examined current hydraulic fracturing literature including associated wastewater management on quantity and quality of groundwater. We conclude that proper documentation/reporting systems for wastewater discharge and spills need to be enforced at the federal, state, and industrial level. Furthermore, Underground Injection Control (UIC) requirements under SDWA should be extended to hydraulic fracturing operations regardless if diesel fuel is used as a fracturing fluid or not. One of the biggest barriers that hinder the advancement of our knowledge on the hydraulic fracturing process is the lack of transparency of chemicals used in the practice. Federal laws mandating hydraulic companies to disclose fracturing fluid composition and concentration not only to federal and state regulatory agencies but also to health care professionals would encourage this practice. The full disclosure of fracturing chemicals will allow future research to fill knowledge gaps for a better understanding of the impacts of hydraulic fracturing on human health and the environment.

scholarly journals Experimental Investigation of the Impacts of Fracturing Fluid on the Evolution of Fluid Composition and Shale Characteristics: A Case Study of the Niutitang Shale in Hunan Province, South China

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3320
Author(s):  
Jingqiang Tan ◽  
Guolai Li ◽  
Ruining Hu ◽  
Lei Li ◽  
Qiao Lyu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Mineral Dissolution ◽  
Hunan Province ◽  
Fluid Composition ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Specific Chemical ◽  
Metal Elements ◽  
Fracturing Process ◽  
Geochemical Reactions ◽  
Shale Reservoirs

Hydraulic fracturing is a widely used technique for oil and gas extraction from ultra-low porosity and permeability shale reservoirs. During the hydraulic fracturing process, large amounts of water along with specific chemical additives are injected into the shale reservoirs, causing a series of reactions the influence the fluid composition and shale characteristics. This paper is focused on the investigation of the geochemical reactions between shale and fracturing fluid by conducting comparative experiments on different samples at different time scales. By tracking the temporal changes of fluid composition and shale characteristics, we identify the key geochemical reactions during the experiments. The preliminary results show that the dissolution of the relatively unstable minerals in shale, including feldspar, pyrite and carbonate minerals, occurred quickly. During the process of mineral dissolution, a large number of metal elements, such as U, Pb, Ba, Sr, etc., are released, which makes the fluid highly polluted. The fluid–rock reactions also generate many pores, which are mainly caused by dissolution of feldspar and calcite, and potentially can enhance the extraction of shale gas. However, precipitation of secondary minerals like Fe-(oxy) hydroxides and CaSO4 were also observed in our experiments, which on the one hand can restrict the migration of metal elements by adsorption or co-precipitation and on the other hand can occlude the pores, therefore influencing the recovery of hydrocarbon. The different results between the experiments of different samples revealed that mineralogical texture and composition strongly affect the fluid-rock reactions. Therefore, the identification of the shale mineralogical characteristics is essential to formulate fracturing fluid with the lowest chemical reactivity to avoid the contamination released by flowback waters.

scholarly journals Federal, State, and Local Nutrition Policies for Cancer Prevention: Perceived Impact and Feasibility, United States, 2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (7) ◽  
pp. 1006-1008
Author(s):  
Lauren Lizewski ◽  
Grace Flaherty ◽  
Parke Wilde ◽  
Ross Brownson ◽  
Claire Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cancer Prevention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Nutrition Policies ◽  
Perceived Impact ◽  
State And Local ◽  
The Impact

Objectives. To assess stakeholder perceptions of the impact and feasibility of 21 national, state, and local nutrition policies for cancer prevention across 5 domains in the United States. Methods. We conducted an online survey from October through December 2018. Participants were invited to take the survey via direct e-mail contact or an organizational e-newsletter. Results. Federal or state Medicare/Medicaid coverage of nutrition counseling and federal or state subsidies on fruits, vegetables, and whole grains for participants in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program were the policies rated as having the highest perceived impact and feasibility. Overall, the 170 respondents rated policy impact higher than policy feasibility. Polices at the federal or state level had a higher perceived impact, whereas local policies had higher perceived feasibility. Conclusions. Our findings might guide future research and advocacy that can ultimately motivate and target policy actions to reduce cancer burdens and disparities in the United States.

Investigating the Use of CO2 as a Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid for Water Sustainability and Environmental Friendliness

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherif Fakher ◽  
Abdulaziz Fakher
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Reservoir Rock ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Gas Reservoirs ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Shale Reservoirs

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is the process by which many unconventional shale reservoirs are produced from. During this process, a highly pressurized fluid, usually water, is injected into the formation with a proppant. The fracturing fluid breaks the formation thus increasing its permeability, and the proppant ensures that the formation remains open. Although highly effective, hydraulic fracturing has several limitations including relying on a highly valuable commodity such as water. This research investigates the applicability of carbon dioxide as a fracturing fluid instead of water, and studies the main advantages and limitation of such a procedure. The main properties that could have a strong impact on the applicability of carbon dioxide based hydraulic fracturing are studied; these factors include carbon dioxide properties, proppant properties, and reservoir rock, fluid, and thermodynamic properties. This research aims to function as an initial introduction and roadmap to future research investigating the applicability of carbon dioxide as a fracturing fluid in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs.

scholarly journals Green Building Policy Options for the Public Sector

2007 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie R Pearce ◽  
Jennifer R DuBose ◽  
Sheila J Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Green Building ◽  
The United States ◽  
Systematic Evaluation ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Sector Organizations

Green building is receiving increased attention in the public sector in the United States. Over the past ten years, public sector organizations have gone from “testing the waters” with green building pilot projects to developing wide-reaching policies that incorporate green building practices and standards as a formal part of capital project decision processes. A variety of approaches have been employed at the federal, state, and local levels that encourage or require green building practices on public sector projects. To date, however, there has been no systematic evaluation of the pros and cons of these policy options to provide a basis for organizations considering how best to construct a program to meet the needs of its specific context. This paper identifies, compares, and contrasts options that have been incorporated as part of green building programs for states and other public sector organization seeking to motivate green building practices in their capital projects and facilities. Three categories of options are considered: Policy, Program, and Evaluation options. The paper evaluates alternatives within each of these categories according to their potential social, environmental, and economic impacts as well as their likelihood of implementation success within the context of public agencies. The findings of this paper contribute a palette of options for policymakers to consider when drafting policies for their organizations, along with program options to be considered by those who must implement the policies. This work contributes a foundation for future research to further understand the relative effectiveness and impacts of policy elements on green building practice within public sector organizations.

Monitoring the Tobacco Epidemic With National, Regional, and International Databases and Systematic Reviews: Evidence for Nursing Research and Clinical Decision Making

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Hill Rice
Keyword(s):  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Nursing Intervention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Meta Analyses

Tobacco use (primarily cigarette smoking) continues to be the most preventable health risk in the United States and the second greatest health threat around the world. In 2020 the global burden is expected to exceed nine million deaths annually. Nursing, with the largest numbers of health care professionals has an opportunity to make a significant reduction in tobacco use through its research and client-focused care. This chapter addresses why and how monitoring the tobacco epidemic with population-based databases and meta-analyses is important for nurse researchers and for evidence-based nursing practice. Population-based surveys permit an examination of trends in tobacco use and the progress in tobacco control with some confidence across time, places (i.e., states, nations, communities, etc.), and large numbers of participants. Included in this review are a description of the numerous national and international databases and other resources that nurse researchers can use to build the science of tobacco use. Additionally, research reviews and meta-analyses are described as other vehicles for providing a basis for making evidence-based decisions about nursing intervention. Nurse scientists have an obligation to use and evaluate these diverse resources to determine the gaps in knowledge, provide a foundation for clinical practice, and identify the needs and directions for future research in the field.

scholarly journals Numerical Simulation Study on Propagation of Initial Microcracks in Cement Sheath Body during Hydraulic Fracturing Process

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1260
Author(s):  
Yuqiang Xu ◽  
Yan Yan ◽  
Shenqi Xu ◽  
Zhichuan Guan
Keyword(s):  
Elastic Modulus ◽  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Internal Pressure ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Fluid Viscosity ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Zone Method ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Fracturing Process ◽  
Cement Sheath

Microcracks caused by perforating operations in a cement sheath body and interface have the potential to further expand or even cause crossflow during hydraulic fracturing. Currently, there are few quantitative studies on the propagation of initial cement-body microcracks. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element model for the propagation of initial microcracks of the cement sheath body along the axial and circumferential directions during hydraulic fracturing was proposed based on the combination of coupling method of fluid–solid in porous media and the Cohesive Zone Method. The influence of reservoir geological conditions, the mechanical properties of a casing-cement sheath-formation system, and fracturing constructions in the propagation of initial axial microcracks of a cement sheath body was quantitatively analyzed. It can be concluded that the axial extension length of microcracks increased with the increase of elastic modulus of the cement sheath and formation, the flow rate of fracturing fluid, and casing internal pressure, and decreased with the increase of the cement sheath tensile strength and ground stress. The elastic modulus of the cement sheath had a greater influence on the expansion of axial cracks than the formation elastic modulus and casing internal pressure. The effect of fracturing fluid viscosity on the crack expansion was negligible. In order to effectively slow the expansion of the cement sheath body crack, the elastic modulus of the cement sheath can be appropriately reduced to enhance its toughness under the premise of ensuring sufficient strength of the cement sheath.

scholarly journals U.S. Procurement in the Age of COVID-19: Challenges, Intergovernmental Collaboration, and Recommendations for Improvement

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 635-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Akeem Sadiq ◽  
Ruth Kessa
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Nonprofit Organizations ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
The United States ◽  
Good News ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Medical Supplies ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Procurement System ◽  
The U.S

This article discusses U.S. government’s procurement of medical supplies and equipment during COVID-19 pandemic and the challenges posed by COVID-19 to U.S procurement system. The article also examines how the U.S. government, the private sector, and nonprofit organizations are working together to address procurement challenges. This article notes that the global pandemic has drained the strategic national stockpile of medical supplies and equipment and that the United States is struggling to meet the demand of these critical resources. The good news is that the U.S. government is partnering with the private sector to ramp-up the much-needed supply. This article underscores the need for the U.S. government to continue to look for efficient and productive ways to procure necessary medical supplies and equipment that are essential for health care professionals and those affected by the COVID-19. This article offers some recommendations to improve U.S. procurement system and outlines an agenda for future research.

scholarly journals Analysis Study Of The Effect In Selecting Combination Of Fracturing Fluid Types And Proppant Sizes On Folds Of Increase (FOI) To Improve Well Productivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Dimas Ramadhan ◽  
Hidayat Tulloh ◽  
Cahyadi Julianto
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Fracturing Fluids ◽  
Lower Viscosity ◽  
Pump Rate ◽  
Fracturing Process ◽  
Fractured Well ◽  
Selection Of

As fracturing materials, fracturing fluid and proppant are two very important parameters in doing hydraulic fracturing design. The combination of fractuirng fluid and proppant selection is the main focus and determinant of success in the hydraulic fracturing process. The high viscosity of the fracturing fluid will make it easier for the proppant to enter to fill the fractured parts, so that the conductivity of the fractured well will be better and can increase the folds of increase (FOI) compared to fracturing fluid with lower viscosity (Economides, 2000). This research was conducted by using the sensitivity test method on the selection of fracturing fluid combinations carried out at the TX-01 well with various sizes of proppants (namely; 12/18, 16/20, and 20/40 mesh) with the proppant selected being ceramic proppant type carbolite performed using the FracCADE simulator. Fracturing fluid was selected based on its viscosity, namely YF240OD and PrimeFRAC20 fluids with viscosity value of 4.123 cp and 171.1 cp, with a fixed pump rate of 14 bpm. The results showed that the combination of high-viscosity fluids (PrimeFRAC20) and 16/20 mesh proppant size resulted in a greater incremental fold (FOI) between the choice of another combination fracturing fluids and proppant sizes, namely 6.25.

scholarly journals Progress of Development and Application of Drag Reduction Agents for Slick-Water Fracturing

2021 ◽  
Vol 2097 (1) ◽  
pp. 012022
Author(s):  
Ke Xu ◽  
Yongjun Lu ◽  
Jin Chang ◽  
Dingwei Weng ◽  
Yang Li
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Salt Resistance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fracturing Fluid ◽  
Friction Resistance ◽  
Natural Polysaccharide ◽  
Gas Layer ◽  
Friction Reducer

Abstract Fracturing technology is the key technology of shale oil and gas exploitation in the United States. The key of hydraulic fracturing lies in the formulation of fracturing fluid, which can improve the permeability of shale gas layer, reduce pumping resistance, optimize production conditions, reduce strata damage and other purposes. Slick-water is widely used in water-based fracturing for unconventional oil and gas exploitation, which can reduce the friction resistance. As the core of the slickwater fracturing fluid, the friction reducer determine the fluid’s performances. Combining with the related literature at home and abroad, this paper analyzes the mechanism of friction reducer, introduces the research and application progress of natural polysaccharide, surfactant and polyacrylamide. It is considered that both the instant powder polymer and W/W dispersion polymer have great application potential. The friction reducer with high-efficiency sand-carrying and salt resistance is the focus of future research.

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