scholarly journals The Production of Nitric Oxide, IL-6, and TNF-Alpha in Palmitate-Stimulated PBMNCs Is Enhanced through Hyperglycemia in Diabetes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Maria Oliveira Volpe ◽  
Luana Farnese Machado Abreu ◽  
Pollyanna Stephanie Gomes ◽  
Raquel Miranda Gonzaga ◽  
Clara Araújo Veloso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Combined Therapy ◽  
Tnf Alpha ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Simultaneous Control ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

We examined nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, and TNF-αsecretion from cultured palmitate-stimulated PBMNCs or in the plasma from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2MD) patients or nondiabetic (ND) controls. Free fatty acids (FFA) have been suggested to induce chronic low-grade inflammation, activate the innate immune system, and cause deleterious effects on vascular cells and other tissues through inflammatory processes. The levels of NO, IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA were higher in supernatant of palmitate stimulated blood cells (PBMNC) or from plasma from patients. The results obtained in the present study demonstrated that hyperglycemia in diabetes exacerbatesin vitroinflammatory responses in PBMNCs stimulated with high levels of SFA (palmitate). These results suggest that hyperglycemia primes PBMNCs for NO, IL-6, and TNF-alpha secretion underin vitroFFA stimulation are associated with the secretion of inflammatory biomarkers in diabetes. A combined therapy targeting signaling pathways activated by hyperglycemia in conjunction with simultaneous control of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia would be suggested for controlling the progress of diabetic complications.

scholarly journals An In Vitro Model of Gastric Inflammation and Treatment with Cobalamin

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Elliott ◽  
A. L. Guildford
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Intrinsic Factor ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Pernicious Anaemia ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Cobblestone Morphology

Pernicious anaemia (PA) is an autoimmune condition where antibodies target intrinsic factor and parietal cells, reducing the patient’s ability to absorb cobalamin promoting atrophic gastritis. Treatment guidelines are based on excretion data of hydroxocobalamin from healthy individuals obtained 50 years ago. This manuscript describes the use of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to stimulate low grade inflammation in an epithelial colorectal cell line to assess the efficacy of methylcobalamin and hydroxocobalamin. Nitric oxide increased significantly in cells exposed to higher doses of PMA (100 ng/ml, 150 ng/ml, and 200 ng/ml) accompanied by a loss of the characteristic cobblestone morphology with no negative effect on cell activity or viability. A significant reduction in nitric oxide production was associated with the addition of 200 pg/ml hydroxocobalamin, alongside a return to the characteristic cobblestone morphology. This study highlights the use of PMA to promote low grade inflammation in human cell lines to model gastric inflammation associated with autoimmunity; furthermore it raises questions regarding the concentration of cobalamin administered clinically to restore cell functionality, feasibly allowing the patient to receive reduced quantity of the vitamin more regularly, providing the patient with levels which are akin to dietary intake.

scholarly journals The Role of MIF in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriko I. Sánchez-Zamora ◽  
Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Autoimmunity and chronic low-grade inflammation are hallmarks of diabetes mellitus type one (T1DM) and type two (T2DM), respectively. Both processes are orchestrated by inflammatory cytokines, including the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). To date, MIF has been implicated in both types of diabetes; therefore, understanding the role of MIF could affect our understanding of the autoimmune or inflammatory responses that influence diabetic pathology. This review highlights our current knowledge about the involvement of MIF in both types of diabetes in the clinical environment and in experimental disease models.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Effects of Quercetin on Inflammation, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Chen ◽  
Hongmei Jiang ◽  
Xiaosong Wu ◽  
Jun Fang
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Capillary Permeability ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

In previous studies, abdominal obesity has been related to total low-grade inflammation and in some cases has resulted in insulin resistance and other metabolism related disorders such as diabetes. Quercetin is a polyphenol, which is a derivative of plants, and has been shownin vitroas well as in a few animal models to have several potential anti-inflammatory as well as anticarcinogenic applications. The substance has also been shown to aid in the attenuation of lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation, and capillary permeability. However, further research is called for to gain a better understanding of how quercetin is able to provide these beneficial effects. This manuscript reviewed quercetin’s anti-inflammatory properties in relation to obesity and type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Obesity and Low-Grade Inflammation Increase Plasma Follistatin-Like 3 in Humans

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claus Brandt ◽  
Maria Pedersen ◽  
Anders Rinnov ◽  
Anne S. Andreasen ◽  
Kirsten Møller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fat Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Plasma Leptin ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Diabetes And Obesity

Background. Rodent models suggest that follistatin-like 3 (fstl3) is associated with diabetes and obesity. In humans, plasma fstl3 is reduced with gestational diabetes.In vitro, TNF-αinduces fstl3 secretion, which suggests a link to inflammation.Objective. To elucidate the association between plasma fstl3 and obesity, insulin resistance, and low-grade inflammation in humans.Study Design. Plasma fstl3 levels were determined in a cross-sectional study including three groups: patients with type 2 diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, and healthy controls. In addition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), TNF-α, or interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp were used to examine if plasma fstl3 was acutely regulated in humans.Results. Plasma fstl3 was increased in obese subjects independent of glycemic state. Moreover, plasma fstl3 was positively correlated with fat mass, plasma leptin, fasting insulin, and HOMA B and negatively with HOMA S. Furthermore plasma fstl3 correlated positively with plasma TNF-αand IL-6 levels. Infusion of LPS and TNF-α, but not IL-6 and insulin, increased plasma fstl3 in humans.Conclusion. Plasma fstl3 is increased in obese subjects and associated with fat mass and low-grade inflammation. Furthermore, TNF-αincreased plasma fstl3, suggesting that TNF-αis one of the inflammatory drivers of increased systemic levels of fstl3.

Chronic Low Grade Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes—Activation of the Inflammasomes by Circulating Metabolites

Diabetes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 1726-P
Author(s):  
MARIE MONLUN ◽  
VINCENT RIGALLEAU ◽  
LAURENCE BLANCO ◽  
KAMEL MOHAMMEDI ◽  
PATRICK BLANCO
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

scholarly journals Chemotactic cytokines, obesity and type 2 diabetes:in vivoandin vitroevidence for a possible causal correlation?

2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrike Sell ◽  
Jürgen Eckel
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Tissue Mass ◽  
Tissue Biology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adipose Tissue Mass

A strong causal link between increased adipose tissue mass and insulin resistance in tissues such as liver and skeletal muscle exists in obesity-related disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Increased adipose tissue mass in obese patients and patients with diabetes is associated with altered secretion of adipokines, which also includes chemotactic proteins. Adipose tissue releases a wide range of chemotactic proteins including many chemokines and chemerin, which are interesting targets for adipose tissue biology and for biomedical research in obesity and obesity-related diseases. This class of adipokines may be directly linked to a chronic state of low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue, a concept intensively studied in adipose tissue biology in recent years. The inflammatory state of adipose tissue in obese patients may be the most important factor linking increased adipose tissue mass to insulin resistance. Furthermore, chemoattractant adipokines may play an important role in this situation, as many of these proteins possess biological activity beyond the recruitment of immune cells including effects on adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis in insulin-sensitive tissues. The present review provides a summary of experimental evidence of the role of adipose tissue-derived chemotactic cytokines and their function in insulin resistancein vivoandin vitro.

scholarly journals Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction: a clinical perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charmaine S. Tam ◽  
Leanne M. Redman
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Metabolic Dysfunction ◽  
Adipose Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Tissue Inflammation ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

AbstractObesity is characterized by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation due to increased immune cells, specifically infiltrated macrophages into adipose tissue, which in turn secrete a range of proinflammatory mediators. This nonselective low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue is systemic in nature and can impair insulin signaling pathways, thus, increasing the risk of developing insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The aim of this review is to provide an update on clinical studies examining the role of adipose tissue in the development of obesity-associated complications in humans. We will discuss adipose tissue inflammation during different scenarios of energy imbalance and metabolic dysfunction including obesity and overfeeding, weight loss by calorie restriction or bariatric surgery, and conditions of insulin resistance (diabetes, polycystic ovarian syndrome).

Endothelial dysfunction and low-grade inflammation and the progression of retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 969-976 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. W. Spijkerman ◽  
M.-A. Gall ◽  
L. Tarnow ◽  
J. W. R. Twisk ◽  
E. Lauritzen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Endothelial Dysfunction ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation
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