scholarly journals Therapeutic Effects of Quercetin on Inflammation, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Chen ◽  
Hongmei Jiang ◽  
Xiaosong Wu ◽  
Jun Fang
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Capillary Permeability ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

In previous studies, abdominal obesity has been related to total low-grade inflammation and in some cases has resulted in insulin resistance and other metabolism related disorders such as diabetes. Quercetin is a polyphenol, which is a derivative of plants, and has been shownin vitroas well as in a few animal models to have several potential anti-inflammatory as well as anticarcinogenic applications. The substance has also been shown to aid in the attenuation of lipid peroxidation, platelet aggregation, and capillary permeability. However, further research is called for to gain a better understanding of how quercetin is able to provide these beneficial effects. This manuscript reviewed quercetin’s anti-inflammatory properties in relation to obesity and type 2 diabetes.

IL-6 as a Surrogate Biomarker: The IL-6 Clinical Value for the Diagnosis of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Insulin Resistant ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

1. Abstract Insulin Resistance is the leading cause of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). It occurs as a result of lipid disorders and increased levels of circulating free fatty acids (FFAs). FFAs accumulate within the insulin sensitive tissues such as muscle, liver and adipose tissues exacerbating different molecular mechanisms. Increased levels fatty acid has been documented to be strongly associated with insulin resistant states and obesity causing inflammation that eventually causes type 2-diabetes. Among the biomarkers that are accompanying low grade inflammation include IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. The current review point out the importance of measuring the inflammatory biomarkers especially focusing on the conductance and measurement for IL-6 as a screening laboratory test and its diagnostic value in clinical practice.

The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise: its role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease control

2006 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 105-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bente Klarlund Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is a feature of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Regular exercise offers protection against all-cause mortality, primarily by protection against atherosclerosis and insulin resistance and there is evidence that physical training is effective as a treatment in patients with chronic heart diseases and type 2 diabetes. Regular exercise induces anti-inflammatory actions. During exercise, IL-6 (interleukin-6) is produced by muscle fibres. IL-6 stimulates the appearance in the circulation of other anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ra (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) and IL-10 (interleukin-10) and inhibits the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-a (tumour necrosis factor-a). In addition, IL-6 enhances lipid turnover, stimulating lipolysis as well as fat oxidation. It is suggested that regular exercise induces suppression of TNF-a and thereby offers protection against TNF-a-induced insulin resistance. Recently, IL-6 was introduced as the first myokine, defined as a cytokine, that is produced and released by contracting skeletal muscle fibres, exerting its effects in other organs of the body. Myokines may be involved in mediating the beneficial health effects against chronic diseases associated with low-grade inflammation such as diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Lifestyle Measures to Reduce Inflammation

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn A. Gaesser ◽  
Siddhartha S. Angadi ◽  
Dana M. Ryan ◽  
Carol S. Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Dietary Factors ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Inflammatory Status ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Chronic low-grade inflammation associated with cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes (T2D) may be ameliorated with exercise and/or diet. High levels of physical activity and/or cardiorespiratory fitness are associated with reduced risk of low-grade inflammation. Both aerobic and resistance exercise have been found to improve inflammatory status, with the majority of evidence suggesting that aerobic exercise may have broader anti-inflammatory effects. In particular, aerobic exercise appears to improve the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. Improvement in inflammatory status is most likely to occur in persons with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory markers prior to intervention. A number of dietary factors, including fiber-rich foods, whole grains, fruits (especially berries), omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidant vitamins (eg, C and E), and certain trace minerals (eg, zinc) have been documented to reduce blood concentrations of inflammatory markers. Anti-inflammatory foods may also help mitigate the pro-inflammatory postprandial state that is particularly evident after ingestion of meals high in saturated fat. Intensive lifestyle interventions involving both exercise and diet appear to be most effective. For the most part, anti-inflammatory effects of exercise and diet are independent of weight loss. Thus overweight and obese men and women, who are most likely to have a pro-inflammatory profile, do not necessarily have to normalize body mass index to improve inflammatory status and reduce risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

scholarly journals Berries as a Treatment for Obesity-Induced Inflammation: Evidence from Preclinical Models

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 334
Author(s):  
Hannah Land Lail ◽  
Rafaela G. Feresin ◽  
Dominique Hicks ◽  
Blakely Stone ◽  
Emily Price ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Treatment Of Obesity ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Inflammation that accompanies obesity is associated with the infiltration of metabolically active tissues by inflammatory immune cells. This propagates a chronic low-grade inflammation associated with increased signaling of common inflammatory pathways such as NF-κB and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Obesity-associated inflammation is linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Preclinical rodent and cell culture studies provide robust evidence that berries and their bioactive components have beneficial effects not only on inflammation, but also on biomarkers of many of these chronic diseases. Berries contain an abundance of bioactive compounds that have been shown to inhibit inflammation and to reduce reactive oxygen species. Therefore, berries represent an intriguing possibility for the treatment of obesity-induced inflammation and associated comorbidities. This review summarizes the anti-inflammatory properties of blackberries, blueberries, strawberries, and raspberries. This review highlights the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of berries and their bioactive components that have been elucidated through the use of preclinical models. The primary mechanisms mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of berries include a reduction in NF-κB signaling that may be secondary to reduced oxidative stress, a down-regulation of TLR4 signaling, and an increase in Nrf2.

scholarly journals An Anti-Inflammatory Sterol Decreases Obesity-Related Inflammation-Induced Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Dysregulation

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris L. Reading ◽  
Jaime Flores-Riveros ◽  
Dwight R. Stickney ◽  
James M. Frincke
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Insulin Sensitizer ◽  
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein 1 ◽  
Metabolic Dysregulation ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Obesity-related inflammation-induced insulin resistance and metabolic dysregulation were investigated in retrospective analysis of placebo hematologic and metabolic laboratory data from trials associated with increasing chronic low-grade inflammation and body mass index. Studies included healthy subjects and those with progressive stages of metabolic dysregulation, including type 2 diabetes mellitus with uncontrolled hemoglobin A1c. Intrasubject variances in erythroid and metabolic values increased with metabolic dysregulation. Random effects were demonstrated in treatment-naïve diabetes for erythroid, glucose, and HbA1c fluctuations. The anti-inflammatory insulin sensitizer, HE3286, was tested for its ability to decrease obesity-related inflammation-induced insulin resistance and metabolic dysregulation in diabetes. HE3286 significantly decreased erythroid and metabolic variances and improved 1,5-anhydroglucitol (a surrogate of postprandial glucose) compared to the placebo group. HE3286 HbA1c decrease correlated with weight loss and inversely with baseline monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in metformin-treated diabetics. Normalization of HbA1c to the 84-day average hemoglobin revealed that HE3286 HbA1c decrease correlated with high baseline MCP-1 and MCP-1 decrease in treatment-naïve diabetics. HE3286 decreased insulin resistance, increased the frequency of decreased day 84 HbA1c in metformin-treated subjects, and decreased day 112 HbA1c in treatment-naïve diabetics. HE3286 may be useful to restore metabolic homeostasis in type 2 diabetes.

Novel Insight into the Mechanism of Metabolic Surgery Causing the Diversity in Glycemic Status in Type 2 Diabetes

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mengxiao Zhou ◽  
Lijuan Wang ◽  
Lujin Zhou ◽  
Xiaotong Chang ◽  
Xiaobo Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Metabolic Surgery ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Glycemic Status ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Complete Restoration ◽  
Significant Amelioration ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractMetabolic surgery results in diverse glycemic status in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), including hyperglycemia without remission, significant amelioration of hyperglycemia with partial remission, complete restoration of euglycemia, or with prolonged remission, hyperglycemia recurrence in relapses after remission, or post-bariatric hypoglycemia. Unfortunately, it is not known how metabolic surgery leads to this diverse consequence. Here, we discuss the diversity of glycemic status associated with metabolic surgery and the potential mechanisms of T2D remission. We also highlight the relationship between the change in low-grade inflammation and T2D remission after metabolic surgery. We hypothesize that the level of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines controls the efficacy of metabolic surgery in patients with T2D. This hypothesis may provide further insight into the mechanism of the beneficial effects of metabolic surgery patients with T2D.

scholarly journals The role of inflammation and macrophage accumulation in the development of obesity-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus and the possible therapeutic effects of long-chainn-3 PUFA

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Oliver ◽  
Fiona McGillicuddy ◽  
Catherine Phillips ◽  
Sinead Toomey ◽  
Helen M. Roche
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Insulin Signalling ◽  
Serine Phosphorylation ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Low Grade

The WHO estimate that >1×106deaths in Europe annually can be attributed to diseases related to excess body weight, and with the rising global obesity levels this death rate is set to drastically increase. Obesity plays a central role in the metabolic syndrome, a state of insulin resistance that predisposes patients to the development of CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation characterised by inflamed adipose tissue with increased macrophage infiltration. This inflammation is now widely believed to be the key link between obesity and development of insulin resistance. In recent years it has been established that activation of pro-inflammatory pathways can cross talk with insulin signalling pathways via a number of mechanisms including (a) down-regulation of insulin signalling pathway proteins (e.g. GLUT4 and insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1), (b) serine phosphorylation of IRS-1 blocking its tyrosine phosphorylation in response to insulin and (c) induction of cytokine signalling molecules that sterically hinder insulin signalling by blocking coupling of the insulin receptor to IRS-1. Long-chain (LC)n-3 PUFA regulate gene expression (a) through transcription factors such as PPAR and NF-κB and (b) via eicosanoid production, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine production from many different cells including the macrophage. LCn-3 PUFA may therefore offer a useful anti-inflammatory strategy to decrease obesity-induced insulin resistance, which will be examined in the present review.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Strategies Targeting Metaflammation in Type 2 Diabetes

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alina Kuryłowicz ◽  
Krzysztof Koźniewski
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Immunomodulatory Therapies

One of the concepts explaining the coincidence of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the metaflammation theory. This chronic, low-grade inflammatory state originating from metabolic cells in response to excess nutrients, contributes to the development of T2D by increasing insulin resistance in peripheral tissues (mainly in the liver, muscles, and adipose tissue) and by targeting pancreatic islets and in this way impairing insulin secretion. Given the role of this not related to infection inflammation in the development of both: insulin resistance and insulitis, anti-inflammatory strategies could be helpful not only to control T2D symptoms but also to treat its causes. This review presents current concepts regarding the role of metaflammation in the development of T2D in obese individuals as well as data concerning possible application of different anti-inflammatory strategies (including lifestyle interventions, the extra-glycemic potential of classical antidiabetic compounds, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, immunomodulatory therapies, and bariatric surgery) in the management of T2D.

scholarly journals The anti-inflammatory function of HDL is impaired in type 2 diabetes: role of hyperglycemia, paraoxonase-1 and low grade inflammation

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanam Ebtehaj ◽  
Eke G. Gruppen ◽  
Mojtaba Parvizi ◽  
Uwe J. F. Tietge ◽  
Robin P. F. Dullaart
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation
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