scholarly journals Break-before-Make CMOS Inverter for Power-Efficient Delay Implementation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janez Puhan ◽  
Dušan Raič ◽  
Tadej Tuma ◽  
Árpád Bűrmen
Keyword(s):  
Short Circuit ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Delay Element ◽  
Cmos Inverter ◽  
Power Efficient ◽  
In Series ◽  
Detector Cell

A modified static CMOS inverter with two inputs and two outputs is proposed to reduce short-circuit current in order to increment delay and reduce power overhead where slow operation is required. The circuit is based on bidirectional delay element connected in series with the PMOS and NMOS switching transistors. It provides differences in the dynamic response so that the direct-path current in the next stage is reduced. The switching transistors are never ON at the same time. Characteristics of various delay element implementations are presented and verified by circuit simulations. Global optimization procedure is used to obtain the most power-efficient transistor sizing. The performance of the modified CMOS inverter chain is compared to standard implementation for various delays. The energy (charge) per delay is reduced up to 40%. The use of the proposed delay element is demonstrated by implementing a low-power delay line and a leading-edge detector cell.

Effect of pH on chloride absorption in the flounder intestine

1988 ◽  
Vol 255 (2) ◽  
pp. G247-G252 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. Charney ◽  
J. I. Scheide ◽  
P. M. Ingrassia ◽  
J. A. Zadunaisky
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Ph Effect ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Bathing Solution ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
Ussing Chambers ◽  
Chloride Absorption ◽  
In Series

Chloride absorption in the small intestine of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, is reported to be sensitive to ambient pH. We studied this sensitivity in isolated stripped intestinal mucosa mounted in modified Ussing chambers. Unidirectional 36Cl fluxes (JClm----s, JCls----m) were measured under short-circuited conditions in bathing solutions containing various combinations of HCO3- (0-20 mM), partial pressure of CO2 (0-36 mmHg), and pH (6.77-7.85). We found that JClm----s, net 36Cl flux (JClnet), and short-circuit current (Isc) increased and JCls----m decreased predominately in response to increases in bathing solution pH. There was a linear relationship between pH and both JClnet (r = 0.92, P less than 0.01) and Isc (r = 0.96, P less than 0.005) between pH 6.77 and 7.74. The pH effect was completely reversible, did not require either CO2 or HCO3-, and was not affected by the presence of mucosal barium at 1 mM. Mucosal bumetanide (0.1 mM) completely inhibited the pH effect. These data suggest that the process by which Cl- is absorbed in the flounder intestine is sensitive to pH. The data do not indicate whether pH affects Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransport or a Cl- transport pathway in series with this process. The direction of Cl- absorption in response to pH contrasts with inverse relation of pH and Cl- absorption in mammalian small intestine.

scholarly journals Active Reduction of Short-Circuit Current in Power Distribution Systems

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 334
Author(s):  
Esteban Pulido ◽  
Luis Morán ◽  
Felipe Villarroel ◽  
José Silva
Keyword(s):  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Circuit Breaker ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Power Converter ◽  
Power Distribution Systems ◽  
Power Distribution System ◽  
In Series

In this paper, a new concept of short-circuit current (SCC) reduction for power distribution systems is presented and analyzed. Conventional fault current limiters (FCLs) are connected in series with a circuit breaker (CB) that is required to limit the short-circuit current. Instead, the proposed scheme consisted of the parallel connection of a current-controlled power converter to the same bus intended to reduce the amplitude of the short-circuit current. This power converter was controlled to absorb a percentage of the short-circuit current from the bus to reduce the amplitude of the short-circuit current. The proposed active short-circuit current reduction scheme was implemented with a cascaded H-bridge power converter and tested by simulation in a 13.2 kV industrial power distribution system for three-phase faults, showing the effectiveness of the short-circuit current attenuation in reducing the maximum current requirement in all circuit breakers connected to the same bus. The paper also presents the design characteristics of the power converter and its associated control scheme.

scholarly journals Investigations on the Outdoor Performance Characteristics of Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cell and Module

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Sivakumar Parthasarathy ◽  
P. Neelamegam ◽  
P. Thilakan ◽  
N. Tamilselvan
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cell ◽  
Silicon Solar Cell ◽  
Open Circuit Voltage ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Critical Value ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Open Circuit ◽  
Multicrystalline Silicon ◽  
In Series

Multicrystalline silicon solar cell and its module with 18 cells connected in series were mounted on an inclined rack tilted 12° South positioned at latitude of 12.0107° and longitude of 79.856°. Corresponding solar irradiance was measured using an optical Pyranometer. Measured irradiance, open circuit voltage (), and short circuit current () values were analyzed. values of both the cell and module were found saturated at above the critical value of illuminations which were different from each other. The integrated daily efficiency for the cell and module were ~10.25% and ~9.39%, respectively, that were less than their respective standard test condition’s value. The reasons for this drop in efficiencies were investigated and reported.

Adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate stimulates chloride secretion in A6 epithelia

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (5) ◽  
pp. C810-C814 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Yanase ◽  
J. S. Handler
Keyword(s):  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Chloride Secretion ◽  
Apical Surface ◽  
Cyclic Monophosphate ◽  
A6 Epithelia ◽  
In Series ◽  
Cl Channels ◽  
Solution Bathing ◽  
Stimulation Of

Basal and aldosterone-stimulated short-circuit current (Isc) of A6 epithelia are known to be equivalent to net apical to basal Na flux and are completely inhibited by 0.05 mM amiloride added to the solution bathing the apical surface of the epithelium. In the absence of amiloride, the Isc stimulated by adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is also equivalent to net apical to basal Na flux. However, amiloride does not completely inhibit the cAMP-stimulated Isc. In this study, the cAMP-stimulated, amiloride-insensitive Isc was characterized, using vasopressin or forskolin to raise cell cAMP. After basal Isc is inhibited by amiloride, forskolin stimulates Isc, conductance, and bidirectional 36Cl flux. Stimulation of Isc depends on the presence of both Na and Cl; stimulation of conductance depends on the presence of Cl. 36Cl flux studies showed that the cAMP-stimulated, amiloride-insensitive Isc is equivalent to net Cl flux. It is inhibited by ouabain and by furosemide or bumetanide added to the solution bathing the basal surface of the epithelium. In view of the effect of cAMP in some other epithelia, we suggest that cAMP activates apical membrane Cl channels that are in series with a Na-K-Cl cotransporter in the basolateral plasma membrane.

Research on Stand-Alone PMSG Voltage Stabilizing Method Based on Series Resonance

2012 ◽  
Vol 614-615 ◽  
pp. 1221-1225
Author(s):  
Zheng Hui Li ◽  
Qing Zhi Zhai ◽  
Wen Li
Keyword(s):  
Transient Analysis ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Voltage Fluctuation ◽  
Steady State Analysis ◽  
Series Resonance ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
In Series ◽  
Permanent Magnet Materials ◽  
Selection Of

Stand-alone PMSG has to face voltage fluctuation problems. This paper proposes a kind of voltage stabilizing method based on series resonance in the armature loop and analyses the principle of stabilizing voltage and expounds on the calculation method of series capacitance. Taking a 5kVA three-phase PMSG as an example, we have done the model calculation and simulation, and steady-state analysis results verify the effectiveness of this method. Transient analysis results show that the reasonable selection of capacitance in series has good effects both on limiting short circuit current and avoiding demagnetization of the permanent magnet materials.

Tunnel FinFET CMOS Inverter with Very Low Short-Circuit Current for Ultra-Low Power IoT Application

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Morita ◽  
K. Fukuda ◽  
Y. Liu ◽  
T. Mori ◽  
W. Mizubayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Cmos Inverter ◽  
Ultra Low Power

Experimental Analysis on Initial Arc Column Voltage Gradient in Fuse Filled with Silica Sand

2012 ◽  
Vol 605-607 ◽  
pp. 1902-1907
Author(s):  
Yi Yang Xiao ◽  
Jin Wu Zhuang ◽  
Bo Chen ◽  
Jin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Silica Sand ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Voltage Gradient ◽  
Step Voltage ◽  
Electric Equipment ◽  
In Series ◽  
Scale Experiment

Initial step voltage during the interruption of short-circuit current in a fuse has an important effect on the current-limiting capability of fuse and the working security of electric equipment. The initial arc column voltage makes the main part of the step voltage. In this paper, we discovered the approximate linear relationship between current density the moment arc starts, ranging from 10 to 45 kA/mm2, and the initial arc column voltage gradient, through the analysis of interrupting experiments using sample fuses containing single stripe of silver with one constriction, pre-arcing energy and the packing density of silica sand remained the same. The above law is applied in the circumstance of the fuselink with multiple constriction in series and a further investigation of the initial step voltage influenced by the number of notch is carried out, which provides basis for small scale experiment on the series characteristics of multiple notches for high voltage.

scholarly journals SIZING CMOS INVERTERS WITH MILLER EFFECT AND THRESHOLD VOLTAGE VARIATIONS

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (03) ◽  
pp. 437-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
BORIS ANDREEV ◽  
EDWARD L. TITLEBAUM ◽  
EBY G. FRIEDMAN
Keyword(s):  
Threshold Voltage ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Propagation Delay ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Maximum Speed ◽  
Clock Frequency ◽  
Cmos Inverter ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Delay Times

The maximum speed of synchronous circuits is generally constrained by the worst case propagation delay, which limits the system clock frequency. Various techniques exist to manage the circuit delay, trading off speed for other system resources. One such approach is to equalize the rise and fall delay times. The primary design parameter for equalizing these delay times is the ratio between the width of the PMOS and NMOS transistors, which determines the relationship between the currents passed along the pull-up and pull-down paths. The variation of the pull-up to pull-down ratio for different circuit parameters is discussed in this paper under the constraint of equal rise and fall delay times. It is shown that the short-circuit current and the Miller capacitance affect the ideal linear relationship between the CMOS inverter delay times and the load capacitance, requiring the pull-up to pull-down ratio to be adjusted as circuit parameters are varied. These effects are more pronounced in deep submicrometer technologies with significant parasitic MOSFET capacitances and threshold voltage variations. Based on analytic and experimental observations, circuit design guidelines are proposed to minimize the Miller effect.

Tunnel FinFET CMOS inverter with very low short-circuit current for ultralow-power Internet of Things application

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (4S) ◽  
pp. 04CD19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukinori Morita ◽  
Koichi Fukuda ◽  
Yongxun Liu ◽  
Takahiro Mori ◽  
Wataru Mizubayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Short Circuit Current ◽  
Cmos Inverter ◽  
Ultralow Power
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