scholarly journals Inherent Complexity Research on the Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains with Two Retailers: The Impact of Three Forecasting Methods Considering Market Share

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Junhai Ma ◽  
Binshuo Bao ◽  
Xiaogang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Minimum Mean Squared Error ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
Effect Measure ◽  
Demand Variability ◽  
The Impact

An important phenomenon in supply chain management which is known as the bullwhip effect suggests that demand variability increases as one moves up a supply chain. This paper contrasts the bullwhip effect for a two-stage supply chain consisting of one supplier and two retailers under three forecasting methods based on the market share. We can quantify the correlation coefficient between the two retailers clearly, in consideration of market share. The two retailers both employ the order-up-to inventory policy for replenishments. The bullwhip effect is measured, respectively, under the minimum mean squared error (MMSE), moving average (MA), and exponential smoothing (ES) forecasting methods. The effect of autoregressive coefficient, lead time, and the market share on a bullwhip effect measure is investigated by using algebraic analysis and numerical simulation. And the comparison of the bullwhip effect under three forecasting methods is conducted. The conclusion suggests that different forecasting methods and various parameters lead to different bullwhip effects. Hence, the corresponding forecasting method should be chosen by the managers under different parameters in practice.

scholarly journals Study of the Bullwhip Effect under Various Forecasting Methods in Electronics Supply Chain with Dual Retailers considering Market Share

Complexity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Junhai Ma ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Liqing Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Market Share ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Consumer Electronics ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
Effect Measure ◽  
The Stability

We establish in this paper a new two-stage supply chain with one manufacturer and two retailers which have a fixed market share in the mature and stable market with specific reference to consumer electronics industry. This paper offers insights into how the three forecasting methods affect the bullwhip effect considering the market share under the ARMA(1,1) demand process and the order-up-to inventory policy. We also discuss the stability of the order with the theory of entropy. In particular, we derive the expressions of bullwhip effect measure under the MMSE, MA, and ES methods and compare them by numerical simulations. Results show that the MA is always better in contrast to the ES for reducing the bullwhip effect in our supply chain model. When moving average coefficient is lower than a certain value, the MMSE method is the best for reducing the bullwhip effect; otherwise, the MA method is the best. Moreover, the larger the market share of the retailer with a long lead time is, the greater the bullwhip effect is, no matter what the forecasting method is.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Bullwhip Effect under Various Forecasting Techniques in Supply Chains with Two Retailers

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhai Ma ◽  
Xiaogang Ma
Keyword(s):  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Demand Forecast ◽  
Autoregressive Moving Average Model ◽  
Minimum Mean Squared Error ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Forecasting Techniques

We examine the impact of three forecasting methods on the bullwhip effect in a two-stage supply chain with one supplier and two retailers. A first order mixed autoregressive-moving average model (ARMA(1, 1)) performs the demand forecast and an order-up-to inventory policy characterizes the inventory decision. The bullwhip effect is measured, respectively, under the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE), moving average (MA), and exponential smoothing (ES) forecasting techniques. The effect of parameters on the bullwhip effect under three forecasting methods is analyzed and the bullwhip effect under three forecasting methods is compared. Conclusions indicate that different forecasting methods lead to different bullwhip effects caused by lead time, underlying parameters of the demand process, market competition, and the consistency of demand volatility between two retailers. Moreover, some suggestions are present to help managers to select the forecasting method that yields the lowest bullwhip effect.

Bullwhip Effect Analysis in a Supply Chain

2012 ◽  
pp. 646-665
Author(s):  
Mehdi Najafi ◽  
Reza Zanjirani Farahani
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
Effect Measure ◽  
Forecasting Method ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Main Factors

In today’s world, all enterprises in a supply chain are attempting to increase both their and the supply chain’s efficiency and effectiveness. Therefore, identification and consideration of factors that prevent enterprises to attain their expected/desired levels of effectiveness are very important. Since bullwhip effect is one of these main factors, being aware of its reasons help enterprises decrease the severity of bullwhip effect by opting proper decisions. Now that forecasting method is one of the most important factors in increasing or decreasing the bullwhip effect, this chapter considers and compares the effects of various forecasting methods on the bullwhip effect. In fact, in this chapter, the effects of various forecasting methods, such as Moving Average, Exponential Smoothing, and Regression, in terms of their associated bullwhip effect, in a four echelon supply chain- including retailer, wholesaler, manufacturer, and supplier- are considered. Then, the bullwhip effect measure is utilized to compare the ineffectiveness of various forecasting methods. Owing to this, the authors generate two sets of demands in the two cases where the demand is constant (no trend) and has an increasing trend, respectively. Then, the chapter ranks the forecasting methods in these two cases and utilizes a statistical method to ascertain the significance of differences among the effects of various methods.

scholarly journals Pengurangan Efek Bullwhip Pada Vendor Tunggal dan Eceran Multi Di PT. XYZ

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Meilita Tryana Sembiring ◽  
Feby Sanna Sibarani
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Linear Method ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Exponential Smoothing ◽  
Glass Bottle ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
Forecasting Method ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Company

PT. XYZ merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak dalam produksi produk – produk olahan teh. Perusahaan telah memproduksi berbagai varian the yakni bentuk mau pun jenis teh. Objek penelitian ini ialah the dalam kemasan botol kaca dengan ukuran 220 ml. Ukuran the tersebut dipilih berdasarkan akumulasi dari penjualan the tertinggi. Terdapat perbedaan pada prediksi jumlah produksi yang akan dilakukan. Prediksi jumlah produksi dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan peramalan permintaan serta penggunaan metode yang tepat. Rantai pasok yang diteliti pada PT. XYZ terdiri atas Manufaktur (Vendor), Kantor Penjualan, dan Dister. Awalnya peramalan dilakukan pada masing – masing level rantai pasok dengan metode peramalan yang berbeda – beda. Maka, diperlukan penyeragaman metode peramalan pada masing – masing pelaku rantai pasok. Berdasarkan pengujian metode peramalan yang dilakukan yakni metode Linear, Exponential Smoothing, Moving Average, dan Winter’sMethod. Diperoleh bahwa error terkecil terdapat pada metode peramalan Winter’s Method dengan parameter Level sebesar 0,5, Trend sebesar 0,2 dan Seasonal sebesar 0,6. Parameter error yang digunakan ialah MAPE, MAD, dan MSD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan metode peramalan yang tepat akan mengurangi dampak dari bullwhip effect yang terjadi pada PT. XYZ.   PT. XYZ is a company engaged in the production of processed tea products. The company has produced various variants of tea, that is the shape and type of tea. The object of this research is the 220 ml glass bottle packaging. The size of the tea is chosen based on the accumulation of the highest tea sales. There is a difference in the prediction of the amount of production to be carried out. Prediction of the amount of production can be done by forecasting demand and using appropriate methods. The supply chain studied at PT. XYZ consists of Manufacturing (Vendors), Sales Offices, and Disters. Initially forecasting is done at each level of the supply chain with different forecasting methods. Therefore, uniform forecasting methods are needed for each supply chain actor. Based on testing the forecasting method that is done namely the Linear method, Exponential Smoothing, Moving Average, and Winter’s Method. Obtained that the smallest error is found in the Winter’s Method forecasting method with a Level parameter of 0.5, a Trend of 0.2 and a Seasonal of 0.6. The error parameters used are MAPE, MAD, and MSD. The results showed that the use of appropriate forecasting methods would reduce the impact of the bullwhip effect that occurred at PT. XYZ

Bullwhip Effect Analysis in a Supply Chain

2011 ◽  
pp. 263-284
Author(s):  
Mehdi Najafi ◽  
Reza Zanjirani Farahani
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Forecasting Methods ◽  
Effect Measure ◽  
Forecasting Method ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Main Factors

In today’s world, all enterprises in a supply chain are attempting to increase both their and the supply chain’s efficiency and effectiveness. Therefore, identification and consideration of factors that prevent enterprises to attain their expected/desired levels of effectiveness are very important. Since bullwhip effect is one of these main factors, being aware of its reasons help enterprises decrease the severity of bullwhip effect by opting proper decisions. Now that forecasting method is one of the most important factors in increasing or decreasing the bullwhip effect, this chapter considers and compares the effects of various forecasting methods on the bullwhip effect. In fact, in this chapter, the effects of various forecasting methods, such as Moving Average, Exponential Smoothing, and Regression, in terms of their associated bullwhip effect, in a four echelon supply chain- including retailer, wholesaler, manufacturer, and supplier- are considered. Then, the bullwhip effect measure is utilized to compare the ineffectiveness of various forecasting methods. Owing to this, the authors generate two sets of demands in the two cases where the demand is constant (no trend) and has an increasing trend, respectively. Then, the chapter ranks the forecasting methods in these two cases and utilizes a statistical method to ascertain the significance of differences among the effects of various methods.

scholarly journals Exploring the Bullwhip Effect and Inventory Stability in a Seasonal Supply Chain

10.5772/56833 ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Costantino ◽  
Giulio Di Gravio ◽  
Ahmed Shaban ◽  
Massimo Tronci
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Fill Rate ◽  
Supply Chain Dynamics ◽  
Effect Ratio ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Demand Seasonality

The bullwhip effect is defined as the distortion of demand information as one moves upstream in the supply chain, causing severe inefficiencies in the whole supply chain. Although extensive research has been conducted to study the causes of the bullwhip effect and seek mitigation solutions with respect to several demand processes, less attention has been devoted to the impact of seasonal demand in multi-echelon supply chains. This paper considers a simulation approach to study the effect of demand seasonality on the bullwhip effect and inventory stability in a four-echelon supply chain that adopts a base stock ordering policy with a moving average method. The results show that high seasonality levels reduce the bullwhip effect ratio, inventory variance ratio, and average fill rate to a great extent; especially when the demand noise is low. In contrast, all the performance measures become less sensitive to the seasonality level when the noise is high. This performance indicates that using the ratios to measure seasonal supply chain dynamics is misleading, and that it is better to directly use the variance (without dividing by the demand variance) as the estimates for the bullwhip effect and inventory performance. The results also show that the supply chain performances are highly sensitive to forecasting and safety stock parameters, regardless of the seasonality level. Furthermore, the impact of information sharing quantification shows that all the performance measures are improved regardless of demand seasonality. With information sharing, the bullwhip effect and inventory variance ratios are consistent with average fill rate results.

scholarly journals Study of the Bullwhip Effect in a Multistage Supply Chain with Callback Structure considering Two Retailers

Complexity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhai Ma ◽  
Liqing Zhu ◽  
Ye Yuan ◽  
Shunqi Hou
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Chain Model ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Forecasting Method ◽  
Supply Chain Model ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Demand Processes

With the purpose of researching the bullwhip effect when there is a callback center in the supply chain system, this paper establishes a new supply chain model with callback structure, which has a material supplier, a manufacture, and two retailers. The manufacture and retailers all employ AR(1) demand processes and use order-up-to inventory policy when they make order decisions. Moving average forecasting method is used to measure the bullwhip effect of each retailer and manufacture. We investigate the impact of lead-times of retailers and manufacture, forecasting precision, callback index, and marketing share on the bullwhip effect of both retailers and manufacture. Then we use the method of numerical simulation to indicate the different parameters in this supply chain. Furthermore, this paper puts forward some suggestions to help the enterprises to control the bullwhip effect in the supply chain with callback structure.

Exploring a Downstream Demand Inference Strategy in a Decentralized Two-Level Supply Chain

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-65
Author(s):  
Youssef Tliche ◽  
Atour Taghipour ◽  
Béatrice Canel-Depitre
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Inventory Level ◽  
Squared Error ◽  
Forecasting Method ◽  
Demand Information ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Inference Strategy

A coordination approach for forecast operations, known as downstream demand inference, enables an upstream actor to infer the demand information at his formal downstream actor without the need for information sharing. This approach was validated if the downstream actor uses the simple moving average (SMA) forecasting method. To answer an investigative question through other forecasting methods, the authors use the weighted moving average (WMA) method, whose weights are determined in this work thanks to the Newton's optimization of the upstream average inventory level. Starting from a two-level supply chain, the simulation results confirm the ability of the approach to reduce the mean squared error and the average inventory level, compared to a decentralized approach. However, the bullwhip effect is only improved after a certain threshold of the parameter of the forecasting method. Still within the framework of the investigation, they carry out a comparison study between the adoption of the SMA method and the WMA method. Finally, they generalize their results for a multi-level supply chain.

scholarly journals Demand Sharing Inaccuracies in Supply Chains: A Simulation Study

Complexity ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Cannella ◽  
Roberto Dominguez ◽  
Jose M. Framinan ◽  
Manfredi Bruccoleri
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Short Delay ◽  
Demand Information ◽  
Demand Variability ◽  
The Impact

We investigate two main sources of information inaccuracies (i.e., errors and delays) in demand information sharing along the supply chain (SC). Firstly, we perform a systematic literature review on inaccuracy in demand information sharing and its impact on supply chain dynamics. Secondly, we model several SC settings using system dynamics and assess the impact of such information inaccuracies on SC performance. More specifically, we study the impact of four factors (i.e., demand error, demand delay, demand variability, and average lead times) using three SC dynamic performance indicators (i.e., bullwhip effect, inventory variability, and average inventory). The results suggest that demand error has a negative impact on SC performance, which is exacerbated by the magnitude of the error and by low demand variability scenarios. In contrast, demand delay produces a nonlinear behavior in the supply chain response (i.e., a short delay may have a negative impact and a long delay may have a positive impact), being influenced by the supply chain configuration.

Bullwhip Effect Analysis in Two-Level Supply Chain Distribution Network Using Different Demand Forecasting Technology

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (03) ◽  
pp. 1650016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Gang Yuan ◽  
Nan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Moving Average ◽  
Minimum Mean Square Error ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Bullwhip Effect ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
First Order ◽  
Basic Work ◽  
The Impact

Following the basic work conducted by Lee et al. [(1997a), The bullwhip effect in supply chains. Sloan Management Review, 38(3), 93–102; (1997b), Information distribution in a supply chain: The bullwhip effect. Management Science, 43(4), 546–558] and using two first-order autoregressive AR(1) models, respectively, this paper provides three quantitative models of the bullwhip effect of the two-level supply chain distribution network consisting of a single manufacturer and two retailers. The paper assumes that two retailers adopt the order point method, uses three kinds of demand forecasting technology, i.e., moving average, exponential smoothing and minimum mean square error methods, respectively, provides three corresponding models for analyzing the impact of bullwhip effect of two-level supply chain distribution network. At the same time, this paper compares and analyzes the results of the three models through simulation.

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