scholarly journals Pricing Decisions of a Two-Echelon Supply Chain in Fuzzy Environment

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Wei ◽  
Guoying Pang ◽  
Yongjun Liu ◽  
Qian Ma
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Fuzzy Environment ◽  
The Future

Pricing decisions of a two-echelon supply chain with one manufacturer and duopolistic retailers in fuzzy environment are considered in this paper. The manufacturer produces a product and sells it to the two retailers, who in turn retail it to end customers. The fuzziness is associated with the customers’ demand and the manufacturing cost. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effect of two retailers’ different pricing strategies on the optimal pricing decisions of the manufacturer and the two retailers themselves in MS Game scenario. As a reference model, the centralized decision scenario is also considered. The closed-form optimal pricing decisions of the manufacturer and the two retailers are derived in the above decision scenarios. Some insights into how pricing decisions vary with decision scenarios and the two retailers’ pricing strategies in fuzzy environment are also investigated, which can serve as the basis for empirical study in the future.

scholarly journals Pricing Decisions of Two Complementary Products in a Fuzzy Environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Jing Zhao ◽  
Jie Wei
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form ◽  
Stackelberg Game ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Pricing Model ◽  
Complementary Products ◽  
Nash Game ◽  
Retail Pricing ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Fuzzy Environment

Pricing decisions of two complementary products in a fuzzy environment are considered in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the changes of the optimal retail pricing of two complementary products under two different decentralized decision scenarios (e.g., Nash game case and Stackelberg game case). As a reference model, the centralized pricing model is also established. The closed-form optimal pricing decisions of the two complementary products are obtained in the above three decision scenarios. Some interesting management insights into how pricing decisions vary with decision scenarios are given.

PRICING DECISIONS FOR A CLOSED-LOOP SUPPLY CHAIN IN A FUZZY ENVIRONMENT

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (01) ◽  
pp. 1240003 ◽  
Author(s):  
JIE WEI ◽  
JING ZHAO ◽  
YONGJIAN LI
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Retail Price ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chain ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Fuzzy Environment

This paper studies pricing problem for a closed-loop supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer in a fuzzy environment. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the manufacturer makes his decisions about wholesale price and transfer price and how the retailer makes her decisions about retail price and collecting price in the expected value standard. Each firm's optimal pricing strategies are established by using game theory under the centralized and decentralized decision cases, respectively. Managerial insights into the economic behavior of firms are also investigated, which can serve as the basis for empirical study in the future. Moreover, we analyze numerically the results and give some insights on the influence of some parameters.

scholarly journals Optimal Pricing Strategies in a Product and Service Supply Chain with Extended Warranty Service Competition considering Retailer Fairness Concern

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Du Zhao ◽  
Xumei Zhang ◽  
Tinghai Ren ◽  
Hongyong Fu
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Price Difference ◽  
Extended Warranty ◽  
Service Supply Chain ◽  
Reasonable Range ◽  
Fairness Concerns ◽  
Extended Warranties ◽  
Warranty Service

This paper examines optimal pricing in a two-tier product and service supply chain consisting of a manufacturer and a retailer in the context of vertical competition in extended warranty in two cases: one considering the retailer’s fairness concerns and one without considering the retailer’s fairness concerns. A manufacturer-dominated product and service supply chain game-theoretic model on the Stackelberg model is developed to analyse how the level of vertical competition in extended warranty service and the intensity of a retailer’s fairness concerns influence the optimal pricing of products and extended warranties for the manufacturer and retailer. This study finds the following: (i) Two parties of the supply chain employ differential pricing strategies for extended warranties when the retailer has fairness concerns. (ii) Compared to the same pricing strategies for extended warranty service when the retailer has no fairness concerns, the increase of competition intensity of vertical extended warranty service will enlarge the price difference of extended warranty service. Meanwhile, it is the intensity of fairness concerns that determines the influences of retailer’s fairness concerns on the price difference of extended warranties. (iii) If no fairness concerns are raised, an increase in the level of vertical competition in extended warranty service would benefit both supply chain parties, rather than hurting their profit. If the retailer is fair-minded, its fairness utility increases when the intensity of the fairness concerns rises in a reasonable range and decreases when the intensity exceeds the reasonable range, but for the manufacturer, its profits will be damaged as long as the retailer raises fairness concerns.

A Study on the Price Decisions of the Dual-Channel Composite Decision in B2C Mode

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 46-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haoxiong Yang ◽  
Wen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Marketing Channels ◽  
Online Marketing ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Online Retail ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

This paper studies the subject of pricing decisions of online dual-channel based on hybrid decisions wherein a manufacturer introduces direct online marketing channels beyond the traditional online retail channels. The purpose is to study how to balance the interests of different online channels and maximize the overall efficiency of the channel. Having considered both online channels' satisfaction and the hidden costs of channel selection, by means of the demand function of both channels derived from a consumer utility and selection model, the author investigates the impacts of these two factors on the online dual-channel pricing decisions. This article also further analyzes the impact of changes in these two factors for manufacturers, retailers and channel' total revenue, with the purpose to provide decision-making reference for the enterprises' managers in the supply chain to develop optimal pricing strategies.

scholarly journals Risk-Averse Suppliers’ Optimal Pricing Strategies in a Two-Stage Supply Chain

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Shen ◽  
Zhiqing Meng ◽  
Xinsheng Xu ◽  
Min Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Loss Function ◽  
Wholesale Price ◽  
Competitive Environment ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Risk Averse ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Future Loss

Risk-averse suppliers’ optimal pricing strategies in two-stage supply chains under competitive environment are discussed. The suppliers in this paper focus more on losses as compared to profits, and they care their long-term relationship with their customers. We introduce for the suppliers a loss function, which covers both current loss and future loss. The optimal wholesale price is solved under situations of risk neutral, risk averse, and a combination of minimizing loss and controlling risk, respectively. Besides, some properties of and relations among these optimal wholesale prices are given as well. A numerical example is given to illustrate the performance of the proposed method.

scholarly journals The Impact of Price Comparison Service on Pricing Strategy in a Dual-Channel Supply Chain

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Xu ◽  
Zheng Liu ◽  
Bin Shen
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Profit Maximization ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
Price Comparison ◽  
Dual Channel ◽  
Dual Channel Supply Chain ◽  
The Impact

Recently, price comparison service (PCS) websites are more and more popular due to its features in facilitating transparent price and promoting rational purchase decision. Motivated by the industrial practices, in this study, we examine the pricing strategies of retailers and supplier in a dual-channel supply chain influenced by the signals of PCS. We categorize and discuss three situations according to the signal availability of PCS, under which the optimal pricing strategies are derived. Finally, we conduct a numerical study and find that in fact the retailers and supplier are all more willing to avoid the existence of PCS with the objective of profit maximization. When both of retailers are affected by the PCS, the supplier is more willing to reduce the availability of price information. Important managerial insights are discussed.

scholarly journals Ценова стратегия на база ценност на продукта за клиента: резултати от емпирично изследване за България (Value-Based Pricing Strategy: Results from an Empirical Study for Bulgaria)

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-82 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Study ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Pricing Strategies ◽  
The Future

The aim of the present article is to present the results from an empirical study on the use of the value-based pricing strategy by companies operating in Bulgaria. To achieve this goal, research has been done regarding the pricing strategies used by companies operating in Bulgaria with a focus on value-based pricing strategy; the opinion of CEOs/marketing directors/managers, etc. has been surveyed concerning the barriers to the use of the value-based strategy and their attitudes regarding the use of this strategy in the future.

scholarly journals Pricing Decisions for a Sustainable Supply Chain in the Presence of Potential Strategic Customers

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinmin Liu ◽  
Kangkang Lin ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Lili Ding
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Purchase Behavior ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Sustainable Supply Chain ◽  
Purchasing Decisions ◽  
Strategic Customers ◽  
Pricing Decisions ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Will Force

In service to sustainable development, consumers have begun to prefer green products for their special environmental characteristics, and many enterprises are introducing new products to improve their competitiveness, but this tactic may not work if customers are strategic, as they might choose to defer purchasing decisions while prices are high and wait for lower prices in the future. Considering the differences in purchase behavior, we divided customers into two groups—strategic customers and myopic customers. Furthermore, we distinguished three types of strategic customers according to their different preferences to analyze the optimal pricing and greenness strategies in sustainable supply chain in strategic customer scenarios. Our results led to the following conclusions. (1) Strategic customers’ individual preferences can affect optimum equilibrium and that a higher purchase price threshold can stimulate the manufacturer to improve greenness and set a higher price, while a higher greenness purchase threshold and purchase value threshold will force manufacturer to set a lower price. (2) We observed that strategic customers can increase demand and vender profit. As the number of strategic customers increases, selling price and greenness will experience downward trends in a price threshold scenario but upward trends in greenness threshold and value threshold scenarios. (3) A firm can take measures to mitigate the effects of strategic customers by adjusting price and greenness dynamically according to price and greenness sensitivity, which can play a leading role in actively influencing strategic customer behavior.

Study on Discrimination Pricing Model of Closed-Loop Supply Chain with Product Remanufacturing

2012 ◽  
Vol 452-453 ◽  
pp. 663-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Wei Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
New Product ◽  
Coordination Mechanism ◽  
Optimal Pricing ◽  
Pricing Model ◽  
Supply Chain System ◽  
Closed Loop Supply Chain ◽  
Pricing Decisions

With awareness of environmental protection strengthens and constraints of regulations and laws to environmental protection increasing, more and more enterprises focus on the closed-loop supply chain management. Considering difference between new product and remanufactured product, this paper constructs closed-loop supply chain system with manufacturers recycling used products directly from the consumers based on game theory. The optimal pricing decisions and the optimal profit of centralized and decentralized closed-loop supply chain are obtained. It is found that the efficiency of decentralized closed-loop supply chain decreases by 25%. At last, the coordination mechanism is designed to solve the profit conflict in the decentralized closed-loop supply chain by the two-part tariff contract.

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