scholarly journals Rheumatic Diseases and Obesity: Adipocytokines as Potential Comorbidity Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossana Scrivo ◽  
Massimiliano Vasile ◽  
Ulf Müller-Ladner ◽  
Elena Neumann ◽  
Guido Valesini
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Joint Damage ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Multifactorial Diseases ◽  
Systemic Factors ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Inflammation has been recognized as a common trait in the pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases including obesity, where a low-grade inflammation has been established and may be responsible for the cardiovascular risk related to the disease. Obesity has also been associated with the increased incidence and a worse outcome of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). RA is characterized by systemic inflammation, which is thought to play a key role in accelerated atherosclerosis and in the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, an important comorbidity in patients with RA. The inflammatory process underlying the cardiovascular risk both in obesity and RA may be mediated by adipocytokines, a heterogeneous group of soluble proteins mainly secreted by the adipocytes. Many adipocytokines are mainly produced by white adipose tissue. Adipocytokines may also be involved in the pathogenesis of OA since a positive association with obesity has been found for weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing joints, suggesting that, in addition to local overload, systemic factors may contribute to joint damage. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on experimental models and clinical studies in which adipocytokines were examined in obesity, RA, and OA and discuss the potential of adipocytokines as comorbidity biomarkers for cardiovascular risk.

scholarly journals NAFLD and Infection, a Nuanced Relationship

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Abimbola Adenote ◽  
Igor Dumic ◽  
Cristian Madrid ◽  
Christopher Barusya ◽  
Charles W. Nordstrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Extrahepatic Manifestations ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased significantly over the last few decades mirroring the increase in obesity and type II diabetes mellitus. NAFLD has become one of the most common indications for liver transplantation. The deleterious effects of NAFLD are not isolated to the liver only, for it has been recognized as a systemic disease affecting multiple organs through protracted low-grade inflammation mediated by the metabolic activity of excessive fat tissue. Extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD such as cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, chronic kidney disease, and hypothyroidism have been well described in the literature. In recent years, it has become evident that patients suffering from NAFLD might be at higher risk of developing various infections. The proposed mechanism for this association includes links through hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, alterations in innate immunity, obesity, and vitamin D deficiency. Additionally, a risk independent of these factors mediated by alterations in gut microbiota might contribute to a higher burden of infections in these individuals. In this narrative review, we synthetize current knowledge on several infections including urinary tract infection, pneumonia, Helicobacter pylori, coronavirus disease 2019, and Clostridioides difficile as they relate to NAFLD. Additionally, we explore NAFLD’s association with hidradenitis suppurativa.

scholarly journals Osteopontin: The Molecular Bridge between Fat and Cardiac–Renal Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5568
Author(s):  
Elena Vianello ◽  
Marta Kalousová ◽  
Elena Dozio ◽  
Lorenza Tacchini ◽  
Tomáš Zima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Matricellular Protein ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Renal Disorders ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifaceted matricellular protein, with well-recognized roles in both the physiological and pathological processes in the body. OPN is expressed in the main organs and cell types, in which it induces different biological actions. During physiological conditioning, OPN acts as both an intracellular protein and soluble excreted cytokine, regulating tissue remodeling and immune-infiltrate in adipose tissue the heart and the kidney. In contrast, the increased expression of OPN has been correlated with the severity of the cardiovascular and renal outcomes associated with obesity. Indeed, OPN expression is at the “cross roads” of visceral fat extension, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and renal disorders, in which OPN orchestrates the molecular interactions, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation. The common factor associated with OPN overexpression in adipose, cardiac and renal tissues seems attributable to the concomitant increase in visceral fat size and the increase in infiltrated OPN+ macrophages. This review underlines the current knowledge on the molecular interactions between obesity and the cardiac–renal disorders ruled by OPN.

scholarly journals Periodontitis, Low-Grade Inflammation and Systemic Health: A Scoping Review

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Gennaro Cecoro ◽  
Marco Annunziata ◽  
Morena Tina Iuorio ◽  
Livia Nastri ◽  
Luigi Guida
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Hand Search ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Systemic Health ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Background and objectives: Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory infectious disease in which an infection is necessary, but not sufficient, for development of the condition. Individual susceptibility strictly linked to the immune and inflammatory response of the organism must also be present. Low-grade inflammation (LGI) is a systemic status of chronic sub-clinical production of inflammatory factors. This condition represents a risk factor for many chronic diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease and cancer. This scoping review aims to clarify, summarize and disseminate current knowledge on the possible link between periodontitis, LGI and systemic health. Materials and Methods: PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines were followed. An ad-hoc created keyword string was used to search the electronic databases of PubMed/Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov. A hand search of specialized journals and their reference lists was also performed. Results: 14 studies that respected eligibility criteria were selected and analyzed. There is emerging evidence of strong links between periodontitis, LGI and systemic health. On the one hand, periodontitis influences the systemic status of LGI and on the other hand, the systemic production of inflammatory factors affects periodontitis with a bidirectional connection. Conclusions: LGI and the subsequent onset of a systemic inflammatory phenotype can be considered the common substrate of many chronic inflammatory diseases including periodontitis, with multiple mutual connections between them. Understanding of the biological principles and mechanisms underlying such a complex interrelationship could lead to significant improvements in the field of personalized diagnostics and therapeutic protocols.

scholarly journals Current and Evolving Concepts on the Pathogenesis of Diverticular Disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 225-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Tursi
Keyword(s):  
Diverticular Disease ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Acute Diverticulitis ◽  
Colonic Motility ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Recurrent Abdominal Pain ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Background & Aims: Diverticulosis of the colon is the most common anatomic alteration of the human colon, and it is characterized by the out-pouching of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through the muscular layer. Recurrent abdominal pain is experienced by about 20% of patients with diverticulosis, and inflammation of diverticula may lead to acute diverticulitis. In the past few years, several studies have investigated the factors predisposing or triggering diverticular disease (DD) occurrence. Moreover, new physiopathological knowledge has been acquired. The aim of this study was to review current knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of DD. Methods: A search of PubMed and EMBASE database was performed to identify articles relevant to the pathogenesis of DD. Results: Several papers have shown that genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and colonic dysmotility are implicated in the pathogenesis of DD. More recent studies have associated specific host immune responses, gut microbiota imbalance and therefore low-grade inflammation as contributors to symptom occurrence in DD and diverticulitis. Conclusions: Current and evolving evidence highlighted the role of genetic susceptibility, environment, colonic motility, visceral sensitivity, immune response, and microbiota in the pathogenesis of this disease. Further studies are required to identify potential targets for medical or surgical decision-making.

scholarly journals Dietary AGEs as Exogenous Boosters of Inflammation

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2802
Author(s):  
Ma. Eugenia Garay-Sevilla ◽  
Armando Rojas ◽  
Manuel Portero-Otin ◽  
Jaime Uribarri
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Thermal Processing ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Oxidative State ◽  
Small Clinical Trials

Most chronic modern non-transmissible diseases seem to begin as the result of low-grade inflammation extending over prolonged periods of time. The importance of diet as a source of many pro-inflammatory compounds that could create and sustain such a low-grade inflammatory state cannot be ignored, particularly since we are constantly exposed to them during the day. The focus of this review is on specific components of the diet associated with inflammation, specifically advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that form during thermal processing of food. AGEs are also generated in the body in normal physiology and are widely recognized as increased in diabetes, but many people are unaware of the potential importance of exogenous AGEs ingested in food. We review experimental models, epidemiologic data, and small clinical trials that suggest an important association between dietary intake of these compounds and development of an inflammatory and pro-oxidative state that is conducive to chronic diseases. We compare dietary intake of AGEs with other widely known dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets, as well as the Dietary Inflammation Index (DII). Finally, we delineate in detail the pathophysiological mechanisms induced by dietary AGEs, both direct (i.e., non-receptor-mediated) and indirect (receptor-mediated).

scholarly journals OSTEOARTHRITIS AND IMMUNITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Irina Momcheva ◽  
I. Kazmin ◽  
S. Hristova ◽  
V. Madjova
Keyword(s):  
Complement System ◽  
Cell Membranes ◽  
Cartilage Damage ◽  
Joint Damage ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Complement Receptors ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
The Complement System

Abstract         Low-grade inflammation is part of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) from its earliest stages and contributes to the acceleration of the degenerative process. Innate immunity has a leading role in it.        Activation of the innate immune response is initiated by stimulation of the receptors on the cell membrane to recognize the secreted PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). However, PAMPs can also be activated by endogenous damage-related molecular patterns (DAMPs). The group of DAMPs also includes toll-like receptors (TLRs).The disruption of matrix homeostasis in the course of OA is an example of activation of these receptors in chronic damage.      The complement system is a key element of the innate immune system. It is one of the serum enzyme systems whose function is to opsonize antigens. The complement receptors on the surface of the cell membranes adhere to the targets for phagocytosis. The C3R fraction activates the complement cascade itself, as well as the oxygen metabolism of the cell, which is essential for the phagocytosis. The cartilage damage products released during joint damage are a separate class of potent complement modulators.     Complement fractions bind to complement receptors on the surface of the chondrocyte and the synoviocyte cell membranes by TLR. The complement system is involved in many processes in the course of osteoarthritis: chondrocyte degeneration, ECM degradation, low-grade inflammation in the osteoarthritis, cell lysis, unbalanced bone remodeling, osteophyte formation, and neoangiogenesis. Whether drug control of complement activation may be a future therapeutic strategy in the treatment of OA and prevent its progression is a subject of future studies.

scholarly journals Obesity, but not polycystic ovary syndrome, affects circulating markers of low-grade inflammation in young women without major cardiovascular risk factors

HORMONES ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristiano Roberto Barcellos ◽  
Michelle Patrocínio Rocha ◽  
Sylvia Asaka Hayashida ◽  
Wagner Silva Dantas ◽  
Viviane dos Reis Vieira Yance ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Circulating Markers ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

scholarly journals The Role of MIF in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuriko I. Sánchez-Zamora ◽  
Miriam Rodriguez-Sosa
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Clinical Environment ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Autoimmunity and chronic low-grade inflammation are hallmarks of diabetes mellitus type one (T1DM) and type two (T2DM), respectively. Both processes are orchestrated by inflammatory cytokines, including the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). To date, MIF has been implicated in both types of diabetes; therefore, understanding the role of MIF could affect our understanding of the autoimmune or inflammatory responses that influence diabetic pathology. This review highlights our current knowledge about the involvement of MIF in both types of diabetes in the clinical environment and in experimental disease models.

Vitamin D, Low-Grade Inflammation and Cardiovascular Risk in Young Children: A Pilot Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1338-1343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine Singh ◽  
Eric Dean Merrill ◽  
Pratik B. Sandesara ◽  
Laura Schoeneberg ◽  
Hongying Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation
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