scholarly journals Osteopontin: The Molecular Bridge between Fat and Cardiac–Renal Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5568
Author(s):  
Elena Vianello ◽  
Marta Kalousová ◽  
Elena Dozio ◽  
Lorenza Tacchini ◽  
Tomáš Zima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Interactions ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Matricellular Protein ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Renal Disorders ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifaceted matricellular protein, with well-recognized roles in both the physiological and pathological processes in the body. OPN is expressed in the main organs and cell types, in which it induces different biological actions. During physiological conditioning, OPN acts as both an intracellular protein and soluble excreted cytokine, regulating tissue remodeling and immune-infiltrate in adipose tissue the heart and the kidney. In contrast, the increased expression of OPN has been correlated with the severity of the cardiovascular and renal outcomes associated with obesity. Indeed, OPN expression is at the “cross roads” of visceral fat extension, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and renal disorders, in which OPN orchestrates the molecular interactions, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation. The common factor associated with OPN overexpression in adipose, cardiac and renal tissues seems attributable to the concomitant increase in visceral fat size and the increase in infiltrated OPN+ macrophages. This review underlines the current knowledge on the molecular interactions between obesity and the cardiac–renal disorders ruled by OPN.

Immunotherapy and potential predictive biomarkers in the treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghui Xu ◽  
Yuhao Wang ◽  
Hushan Zhang ◽  
Xueke She ◽  
Jianjun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Predictive Biomarkers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Ablative Therapies ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Well Differentiated

Neuroendocrine neoplasias (NENs) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors scattered throughout the body. Surgery, locoregional or ablative therapies as well as maintenance treatments are applied in well-differentiated, low-grade NENs, whereas cytotoxic chemotherapy is usually applied in high-grade neuroendocrine carcinomas. However, treatment options for patients with advanced or metastatic NENs are limited. Immunotherapy has provided new treatment approaches for many cancer types, including neuroendocrine tumors, but predictive biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the treatment of NENs have not been fully reported. By reviewing the literature and international congress abstracts, we summarize the current knowledge of ICIs, potential predicative biomarkers in the treatment of NENs, implications and efficacy of ICIs as well as biomarkers for NENs of gastroenteropancreatic system, lung NENs and Merkel cell carcinoma in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Glucocorticoid Receptor β (GRβ): Beyond Its Dominant-Negative Function

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3649
Author(s):  
Patricia Ramos-Ramírez ◽  
Omar Tliba
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Distinct Cell ◽  
Induced Apoptosis

Glucocorticoids (GCs) act via the GC receptor (GR), a receptor ubiquitously expressed in the body where it drives a broad spectrum of responses within distinct cell types and tissues, which vary in strength and specificity. The variability of GR-mediated cell responses is further extended by the existence of GR isoforms, such as GRα and GRβ, generated through alternative splicing mechanisms. While GRα is the classic receptor responsible for GC actions, GRβ has been implicated in the impairment of GRα-mediated activities. Interestingly, in contrast to the popular belief that GRβ actions are restricted to its dominant-negative effects on GRα-mediated responses, GRβ has been shown to have intrinsic activities and “directly” regulates a plethora of genes related to inflammatory process, cell communication, migration, and malignancy, each in a GRα-independent manner. Furthermore, GRβ has been associated with increased cell migration, growth, and reduced sensitivity to GC-induced apoptosis. We will summarize the current knowledge of GRβ-mediated responses, with a focus on the GRα-independent/intrinsic effects of GRβ and the associated non-canonical signaling pathways. Where appropriate, potential links to airway inflammatory diseases will be highlighted.

scholarly journals Dietary Fiber's Effect on High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein Serum in Sedentary Workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Livia Kurniati Saputra ◽  
Dian Novita Chandra ◽  
Ninik Mudjihartini
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Dietary Fiber Intake ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Low grade inflammation has been recognized of being involved in the pathogenesis of chronic disease pandemic. Individual lifestyle plays a major role in the development of low grade inflammation. Sedentary workers are at risk of low grade inflammation due to the nature of their work. Dietary habit also contributes to inflammatory status in the body. Dietary fiber intake indirectly affects the immune system. It has been hypothesized that fiber has anti-inflammatory effects, both body weight-related and body weight-unrelated This review will focus more on body weight-unrelated anti-inflammatory effect of fiber, especially through fiber’s fermentation metabolites, the short chain fatty acid (SCFA). Its anti-inflammatory effect can be seen by monitoring a biomarker of inflammation in the body, the high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). This review’s objective is to cover the mechanisms and role of dietary fiber intake on serum hsCRP level as a marker of low grade inflammation on sedentary workers. 

scholarly journals Selenium and Inflammation— Potential Use and Future Perspectives

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
pp. 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonidas H Duntas ◽  
Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Element ◽  
Thioredoxin Reductase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Light Chain Enhancer ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Se Status

The essential trace element selenium (Se) is constitutively incorporated as selenocysteine, in proteins, among others in antioxidative selenoproteins, such as glutathione peroxidase(s) and thioredoxin reductase. Since chronic inflammation is thought to deplete Se stores in the body, Se supplementation should be considered in prolonged inflammatory states, Se being the trace element the most affected in chronic or low-grade inflammation. Se administration might also be beneficial in bacterial and viral diseases as well as metabolic and autoimmune diseases. In order to maintain a Se steady state, or “selenostasis,” Se supplementation, via either diet or compounds, is required to preserve the activity of selenoproteins in antioxidative and redox processes. Importantly, Se could play a pivotal role in the maintenance of homeostasis in infected tissues by inhibiting the proinflammatory toll-like receptor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathway and counteracting proinflammatory cytokine action. Finally, while Se status shows considerable promise as a valid marker of inflammatory and autoimmune disease, new functional Se nanoparticles and highly bioavailable selenomethionine compounds will in all probability provide a more efficacious and reliable intervention tool in both preventive and therapeutic disease management.

scholarly journals NAFLD and Infection, a Nuanced Relationship

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Abimbola Adenote ◽  
Igor Dumic ◽  
Cristian Madrid ◽  
Christopher Barusya ◽  
Charles W. Nordstrom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Extrahepatic Manifestations ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Ovarian Syndrome

The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has increased significantly over the last few decades mirroring the increase in obesity and type II diabetes mellitus. NAFLD has become one of the most common indications for liver transplantation. The deleterious effects of NAFLD are not isolated to the liver only, for it has been recognized as a systemic disease affecting multiple organs through protracted low-grade inflammation mediated by the metabolic activity of excessive fat tissue. Extrahepatic manifestations of NAFLD such as cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovarian syndrome, chronic kidney disease, and hypothyroidism have been well described in the literature. In recent years, it has become evident that patients suffering from NAFLD might be at higher risk of developing various infections. The proposed mechanism for this association includes links through hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, alterations in innate immunity, obesity, and vitamin D deficiency. Additionally, a risk independent of these factors mediated by alterations in gut microbiota might contribute to a higher burden of infections in these individuals. In this narrative review, we synthetize current knowledge on several infections including urinary tract infection, pneumonia, Helicobacter pylori, coronavirus disease 2019, and Clostridioides difficile as they relate to NAFLD. Additionally, we explore NAFLD’s association with hidradenitis suppurativa.

scholarly journals Rheumatic Diseases and Obesity: Adipocytokines as Potential Comorbidity Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rossana Scrivo ◽  
Massimiliano Vasile ◽  
Ulf Müller-Ladner ◽  
Elena Neumann ◽  
Guido Valesini
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Weight Bearing ◽  
Joint Damage ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Multifactorial Diseases ◽  
Systemic Factors ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Inflammation has been recognized as a common trait in the pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases including obesity, where a low-grade inflammation has been established and may be responsible for the cardiovascular risk related to the disease. Obesity has also been associated with the increased incidence and a worse outcome of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). RA is characterized by systemic inflammation, which is thought to play a key role in accelerated atherosclerosis and in the increased incidence of cardiovascular disease, an important comorbidity in patients with RA. The inflammatory process underlying the cardiovascular risk both in obesity and RA may be mediated by adipocytokines, a heterogeneous group of soluble proteins mainly secreted by the adipocytes. Many adipocytokines are mainly produced by white adipose tissue. Adipocytokines may also be involved in the pathogenesis of OA since a positive association with obesity has been found for weight-bearing and nonweight-bearing joints, suggesting that, in addition to local overload, systemic factors may contribute to joint damage. In this review we summarize the current knowledge on experimental models and clinical studies in which adipocytokines were examined in obesity, RA, and OA and discuss the potential of adipocytokines as comorbidity biomarkers for cardiovascular risk.

scholarly journals Exercise as a Mean to Control Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neha Mathur ◽  
Bente Klarlund Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
The Body ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Muscle Fibres ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cancer Breast ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fibres ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCDs), which include cardiovascular disease, some cancers, for example, colon cancer, breast cancer, and type 2 diabetes, are reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. It has now become clear that low-grade chronic inflammation is a key player in the pathogenesis of most CNCDs. Given that regular exercise offers protection against all causes of mortality, primarily by protection against atherosclerosis and insulin resistance, we suggest that exercise may exert some of its beneficial health effects by inducing anti-inflammatory actions. Recently, IL-6 was introduced as the first myokine, defined as a cytokine, which is produced and released by contracting skeletal muscle fibres, exerting its effects in other organs of the body. We suggest that skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ and that myokines may be involved in mediating the beneficial effects against CNCDs associated with low-grade inflammation.

scholarly journals Periodontitis, Low-Grade Inflammation and Systemic Health: A Scoping Review

Medicina ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Gennaro Cecoro ◽  
Marco Annunziata ◽  
Morena Tina Iuorio ◽  
Livia Nastri ◽  
Luigi Guida
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Hand Search ◽  
Scoping Reviews ◽  
Systemic Health ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Background and objectives: Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory infectious disease in which an infection is necessary, but not sufficient, for development of the condition. Individual susceptibility strictly linked to the immune and inflammatory response of the organism must also be present. Low-grade inflammation (LGI) is a systemic status of chronic sub-clinical production of inflammatory factors. This condition represents a risk factor for many chronic diseases including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease and cancer. This scoping review aims to clarify, summarize and disseminate current knowledge on the possible link between periodontitis, LGI and systemic health. Materials and Methods: PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines were followed. An ad-hoc created keyword string was used to search the electronic databases of PubMed/Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov. A hand search of specialized journals and their reference lists was also performed. Results: 14 studies that respected eligibility criteria were selected and analyzed. There is emerging evidence of strong links between periodontitis, LGI and systemic health. On the one hand, periodontitis influences the systemic status of LGI and on the other hand, the systemic production of inflammatory factors affects periodontitis with a bidirectional connection. Conclusions: LGI and the subsequent onset of a systemic inflammatory phenotype can be considered the common substrate of many chronic inflammatory diseases including periodontitis, with multiple mutual connections between them. Understanding of the biological principles and mechanisms underlying such a complex interrelationship could lead to significant improvements in the field of personalized diagnostics and therapeutic protocols.

scholarly journals Novel Genetic Locus of Visceral Fat and Systemic Inflammation

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (9) ◽  
pp. 3735-3742
Author(s):  
Jean Shin ◽  
Catriona Syme ◽  
Dominic Wang ◽  
Louis Richer ◽  
G Bruce Pike ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Visceral Fat ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Genetic Locus ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Preferential Accumulation

Abstract Context Visceral fat (VF), more than fat elsewhere in the body [mostly subcutaneous fat (SF)], promotes systemic inflammation and related disease. The mechanisms of preferentially visceral accumulation of body fat are largely unknown. Objective To identify genetic loci and mechanistic pathways of preferential accumulation of VF and associated low-grade systemic inflammation. Design Genome-wide association study (GWAS). Setting and Participants Population-based cohort of 1586 adolescents (aged 12 to 19 years) and adults (aged 36 to 65 years). Main Outcome Measures Abdominal VF and SF were measured with MRI, total body fat (TBF) was assessed with bioimpedance, and low-grade systemic inflammation was examined by serum C-reactive protein (CRP) measurement. Results This GWAS of preferential accumulation of VF identified a significant locus on chromosome 6 at rs803522 (P = 1.1 × 10−9 or 4.3 × 10−10 for VF adjusted for SF or TBF, respectively). The major allele was associated with more VF; the association was similar in adolescents and adults. The allele was also associated with higher CRP level, but this association was stronger in adults than adolescents (P for interaction = 4.5 × 10−3). In adults, VF was a significant mediator (P = 1.9× 10−4) in the association between the locus and CRP, explaining 30% of the mediation. The locus was near ATG5, encoding an autophagy molecule reported to modulate adipocyte size and macrophage polarization. Conclusion A genetic locus near ATG5 regulates preferential accumulation of VF (vs SF) in youth and adulthood and contributes to the development of systemic inflammation in adulthood.

scholarly journals Physical activity, exercise and low-grade systemic inflammation

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 400-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Wärnberg ◽  
Karen Cunningham ◽  
Javier Romeo ◽  
Ascension Marcos
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Active Lifestyle ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Physical Activity And Exercise ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation

Prospective studies have shown that chronic low-grade inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis of the most common chronic diseases and in particular CVD. Obesity has repeatedly been associated with moderately raised levels of inflammation, and this observation has led to the view that obesity is characterised by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. There is now great interest in elucidating how physical activity and exercise modulate inflammation. This review summarises the current research addressing the influence of physical activity and exercise in mitigating the risks of obesity and diseases such as type-II diabetes and CVD, through its action on the low-grade inflammatory state. Most research on this topic hypothesised that the association between physical activity and inflammatory markers is independent of fatness, but very few studies have proven this. Given that physical activity and obesity are often inversely related, it is not clear as to whether the anti-inflammatory health benefits of a physically active lifestyle are due to exercise per se or result from favourable changes in the body composition.

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