scholarly journals Improvement of Dispersion and Color Effect of Organic Pigments in Polymeric Films via Microencapsulation by the Miniemulsion Technique

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongming Qi ◽  
Zhijie Chen ◽  
Lei Yang ◽  
Zhihai Cao ◽  
Minghua Wu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Adhesive Layer ◽  
Latex Film ◽  
Color Strength ◽  
Adhesive Film ◽  
Organic Pigments ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Digital Microscope ◽  
Fabric Surface

Three primary pigment/poly(n-butyl acrylate-co-styrene) (P(BA+St)) nanocomposites were prepared via encapsulation of the corresponding organic pigments via the miniemulsion technique. The resulting latexes of the P(BA+St)/pigment nanocomposites were filmed in a PTFE mould or printed onto cotton fabric. The morphology of the P(BA+St)/pigment nanocomposites and the dispersion of pigment particles in the latex film and on the printed fabric surface, as well as the adhesion between pigment and adhesive film, were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), 3D digital microscope system (3D-POM), and printing results tests. Attributing to the preprotection of adhesive polymer shell, the self-adhesive P(BA+St)/pigment nanocomposites were homogeneously and firmly dispersed both in the thin latex film and in the adhesive layer on the fiber surface. As a result, the color strength, color fastness, and handle of the fabrics printed by the P(BA+St)/pigment nanocomposites latex were significantly improved, compared to the fabrics printed by the conventional pigment blended latex.

Application and Study of Reactive Polyacrylate Microgel in Pigment Paint of Printed Fabric

2011 ◽  
Vol 311-313 ◽  
pp. 1044-1048
Author(s):  
Hong Long Xing ◽  
Shui Lin Chen
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Ammonium Persulfate ◽  
Color Fastness ◽  
Adhesive Film ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Divinyl Benzene

Polyacrylate microgel emulsion was prepared by emulsion polymerization using styrene, α-n-butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate as monomer, polyoxyethylene octylphenol ether (TX-30) and sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) as combine emulsifier, divinyl benzene and ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator，respectively. The prepared microgel was analyzed by a variety of measurment methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The effect of microgel on the rheological properties of adhesives, leveling, mechanical properties and pigment printing performance was studied. The rhelogy and the color fastness of the pigment printing binder of printed fabrics were measured by rheometer and friction color fastness test instruments, respectively. At the same time, the mechanical properties of the adhesive film was measured by strength tester. The results show that the thixotropy, leveling and mechanical properties of adhesive printing binder and pringting quality of coating fabrics were improved when the microgel was added.

Effects of Ultraviolet Pretreatment on Pigment Printing of Cotton / Polyester Blend Fabric

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-169
Author(s):  
Ali A. Zolriasatein
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Cotton Fibers ◽  
Fastness Properties ◽  
Carbonyl Groups ◽  
Color Strength ◽  
Pretreatment Time ◽  
Treated Fiber ◽  
Blend Fabric ◽  
Scanning Electron

Introduction: Pigments have become the largest colorant group for textile prints because pigment printing is the oldest and cheapest method. Binders are used to fix pigments to the fibers by adhesion. Pigment binders play a significant role in pigment printing because it encloses the pigment particles and adheres to the fiber. Objective: In this study, cotton/polyester blend fabrics were treated with ultraviolet light (UVB) at an air pressure of 1 atm to improve printability. Methods: To study the influence of pretreatment time, experiments were carried out at different exposure times. Untreated and UV treated fabrics were analysed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to investigate changes in the chemical composition of fabrics. It was observed that carbonyl groups were formed on the surface of UV pretreated cotton fibers. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the roughness and cracks on the treated fiber surface. Then, all UV treated and untreated fabrics were screen printed with different kinds of pigments. The color strength of the printed fabrics and fastness properties to washing and dry/wet rubbing were evaluated. Results: Experimental data showed that atmospheric UV pretreatment led to an increase in pigment uptake. Moreover, UV pretreated fabrics had better dry and wet rubbing fastness compared with untreated fabrics. Conclusion: The washing fastness of UV pretreated fabric showed no significant change and was comparable with that of untreated fabric. The loss in tensile strength of UV pretreated fabrics was greater than untreated samples.

Fire and thermal resistance properties of chemically treated ligno-cellulosic coconut fabric–reinforced polymer eco-nanocomposites

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
N Rajini ◽  
JT Winowlin Jappes ◽  
I Siva ◽  
A Varada Rajulu ◽  
S Rajakarunakaran
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Hybridization Effect ◽  
Flammability Characteristics ◽  
Polyester Matrix ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

The present work was aimed to develop naturally woven coconut sheath/polyester biocomposites. In these composites, montmorillonite nanoclay (5 wt%) was used as a second filler. The heat releasing rate and other flammability properties were studied using cone calorimeter. The coconut sheath reinforcement in polyester matrix significantly decreased the heat releasing rate when compared to that of the pristine polyester. However, the time to ignite the composite material was shorter than that of the pure polyester. The morphological changes on the fiber surface by the chemical modification significantly influenced the heat-releasing rate and other flammability characteristics due to better interfacial bonding. The hybridization effect of 5 wt% of nanoclay could greatly decrease the heat release rate and the mass loss rate of the composites by char formation mechanism. The characterization techniques such as the scanning electron microscopy and the transmission electron microscopy were used to study the morphological state of the fiber surface and dispersion of clay in the polyester nanocomposites. The thermogravimetric analysis was also carried out to study the effect of the nanoclay on the thermal stability of the coconut sheath/polyester composites at higher temperatures.

Microscopy of latex film formation

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 1042-1043
Author(s):  
Yaqiang Ming
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Film Formation ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Colloidal Dispersion ◽  
Latex Film ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Paper Coatings ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cryogenic Scanning Electron Microscopy

Latex here denotes a stable colloidal dispersion of polymer in solvent. The solvent usually is water. Large tonnages of latices are used in paper coatings, paints, and growing numbers of other waterbased coatings. All these applications require the latices to be film-forming, at least to a degree. Despite past investigations, the mechanisms of film formation are not well understood and are now being studied intensively in several places.Our goal is to understand how a suspension of latex particles in water or other solvent becomes a continuous film, one monolayer or multiple layers deep. Several techniques have been employed: transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ) including replication, freeze-fracture, and microtome sample preparations, small angle neutron scattering ( SANS ); cryogenic scanning electron microscopy ( Cryo-SEM ), and atomic force microscopy ( AFM ). TEM is tedious and requires small thin samples; SANS is expensive, time consuming, and difficult to interpret; AFM is easy to use, but images must be interpreted with caution because artifacts can prevail.

scholarly journals Biodegradable Polylactide/TiO2 Composite Fiber Scaffolds with Superhydrophobic and Superadhesive Porous Surfaces for Water Immobilization, Antibacterial Performance, and Deodorization

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowen Wang ◽  
Dongchu Chen ◽  
Min Zhang ◽  
Huawen Hu
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Adhesive Force ◽  
Composite Fiber ◽  
Composite Fibers ◽  
Antibacterial Performance ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Porous Surfaces ◽  
Fiber Scaffolds

In this short communication, TiO2-nanoparticle-functionalized biodegradable polylactide (PLA) nonwoven scaffolds with a superhydrophobic and superadhesive surface are reported regarding their water immobilization, antibacterial performance, and deodorization. With numerous regular oriented pores on their surface, the as-fabricated electrospun porous PLA/TiO2 composite fibers possessed diameters in the range from 5 µm down to 400 nm, and the lengths were even found to be up to the meters range. The PLA/TiO2 composite fiber surface was demonstrated to be both superhydrophobic and superadhesive. The size of the pores on the fiber surface was observed to have a length of 200 ± 100 nm and a width of 150 ± 50 nm using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The powerful adhesive force of the PLA/TiO2 composite fibers toward water droplets was likely a result of van der Waals forces and accumulated negative pressure forces. Such a fascinating porous surface (functionalized with TiO2 nanoparticles) of the PLA/TiO2 composite fiber scaffold endowed it with multiple useful functions, including water immobilization, antibacterial performance, and deodorization.

Skeletal muscle capillary alterations and cell infiltrate in Schistosoma mansoni parasitized mice

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 278-279
Author(s):  
P. Tonino ◽  
H.J. Finol ◽  
A. Márquez ◽  
M. Arispe ◽  
G. Payares
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Schistosoma Mansoni ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes ◽  
Cell Infiltrate ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Microvascular Alterations

Most of the patients suffering from severe acute schistosomiasis present myalgias and weakness. The histopathological basis for these symptoms has not been investigated. In order to study this problem we used an animal model, the Schistosoma mansoni experimentally parasitized mice. This report is limited to describe the microvascular alterations observed.Five male NMRI albino mice were infected with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Animals were sacrified one and three months after infection. Samples from gastrocnemius and soleus skeletal muscles were processed by routine techniques for transmission electron microscopy and observed in a Hitachi H-500 electron microscope.Ultrastructural alterations were observed in the capillaries including widening and vacuolation of endothelial cells (Figs.1,3), occlusion of lumen, mitochondrial abnormalities and lisosomal proliferation. Surface infoldings of endothelial cell were seen (Fig. 3). A varied cell infiltration was formed by mononuclear cells as macrophages (Fig. 1), lymphocytes (Fig. 3) and mast cells (Fig. 4). Polymorphonuclear leucocytes were also seen as neutrophils (Fig. 2) and eosinophils (Fig. 5). These cells were located beside the capillaries and next to the fiber surface. Parasites were not seen into skeletal muscle.

The Microstructure of Natural Rubber Latex Films

1997 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Cook ◽  
P. E. F. Cudby ◽  
R. T. Davies ◽  
M. D. Morris
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Natural Rubber Latex ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Latex Film ◽  
Rubber Latex ◽  
Microscopy Technique ◽  
Transmission Electron

Abstract An electron microscopy technique which has been used to visualize the crosslinked regions in vulcanized blends of dry rubber has now been applied to films made from natural rubber (NR) latex. The method involves swelling the latex film with styrene, polymerizing the styrene, sectioning the sample and then staining with osmium tetroxide to reveal the rubber network when observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The micrographs show the higher ratio of interparticle to intraparticle crosslinks in a sulphur post-vulcanized film as compared with a sulphur prevulcanized film. They also show that, as in dry rubber films, the mesh size of the visible rubber network correlates with the crosslink density of the rubber. The technique also reveals that the crosslink distribution in peroxide prevulcanized latex (PPVL) is significantly different from that in latices prevulcanized using sulphur or radiation.

Characterization of BN Rich Layer on Ammonia Treated Nextel™312 Fibers

1994 ◽  
Vol 365 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.R. Khasgiwale ◽  
E.P. Butler ◽  
L. Tsakalakos ◽  
D.A. Hensley ◽  
W.R. Cannon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Fiber Surface ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Resolution Tem

ABSTRACTA BN rich layer grown on Nextel™312 fibers by appropriate ammonia treatments was evaluated using various complimentary techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)/ Parallel Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (PEELS in TEM). Three different ammonia treatments were studied. Ammonia treatment resulted in crystallization of the Nextel™312 fiber. The BN rich surface layer formed due to ammonia treatment was clearly detected in XPS and PEELS both before and after oxidation. The layer thickness was estimated to be between 5–10 nm. The layer was stable after oxidation treatment at 600°C for 100 hours. High resolution TEM observations of the fiber surface revealed a variable BN rich layer thickness. Patches of turbostratic BN were observed under certain conditions, however mostly the layer appeared to be amorphous.

Techniques for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Fiber-Matrix Interfaces in Aluminum Alloy-Boron Composites by Ion Erosio

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 204-205
Author(s):  
G. G. Shaw
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Pure Aluminum ◽  
Ion Milling ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Fiber Matrix ◽  
Ion Erosion ◽  
Row Of Fibers

The morphology and composition of the fiber-matrix interface can best be studied by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. For some composites satisfactory samples can be prepared by electropolishing. For others such as aluminum alloy-boron composites ion erosion is necessary.When one wishes to examine a specimen with the electron beam perpendicular to the fiber, preparation is as follows: A 1/8 in. disk is cut from the sample with a cylindrical tool by spark machining. Thin slices, 5 mils thick, containing one row of fibers, are then, spark-machined from the disk. After spark machining, the slice is carefully polished with diamond paste until the row of fibers is exposed on each side, as shown in Figure 1.In the case where examination is desired with the electron beam parallel to the fiber, preparation is as follows: Experimental composites are usually 50 mils or less in thickness so an auxiliary holder is necessary during ion milling and for easy transfer to the electron microscope. This holder is pure aluminum sheet, 3 mils thick.

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