scholarly journals Specificity of Sensory and Motor Neurons Associated with BL40 and GB30 in the Rat: A Dual Fluorescent Labeling Study

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingjing Cui ◽  
Lijuan Ha ◽  
Xinlong Zhu ◽  
Fuchun Wang ◽  
Xianghong Jing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Fluorescent Labeling ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope ◽  
Alexa Fluor ◽  
Neural Tracing ◽  
Cholera Toxin Subunit B ◽  
Spinal Segments ◽  
Subunit B

The purpose of this study is to investigate the specific innervations on “Weizhong” (BL40) and “Huantiao” (GB30) by using a dual neural tracing technique. After Alexa Fluor 488 and 594 conjugates of cholera toxin subunit B (AF488/594-CTB) were, respectively, injected into BL40 and GB30 in the same rat, the labeled sensory and motor neurons were examined in the rat’s dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) and spinal cord at thoracic (T) and lumbar (L) segments with a laser scanning confocal microscope. In the cases of BL40 injection, AF488-CTB labeled sensory and motor neurons were located in L2–6DRGs and on the mediolateral part of spinal ventral horn from L3to L5segments, respectively. By contrast, in the cases of GB30 injection, AF594-CTB labeled sensory and motor neurons were distributed in T13-L6DRGs and on the anterolateral part of spinal ventral horn from L1to L5segments, respectively. These results indicate that the sensory and motor neurons associated with BL40 and GB30 are located in different spinal segments and regions in the nervous system, providing the neuroanatomical evidence to serve the specificity of acupoints.

scholarly journals Comparison of Sensory and Motor Innervation Between the Acupoints LR3 and LR8 in the Rat With Regional Anatomy and Neural Tract Tracing

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongsheng Xu ◽  
Ling Zou ◽  
Wenjie Zhang ◽  
Jieying Liao ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Motor Innervation ◽  
Tract Tracing ◽  
Motor Pathways ◽  
Regional Anatomy ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Gracile Nucleus ◽  
Cholera Toxin Subunit B ◽  
Spinal Segments

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the sensory and motor innervation of “Taichong” (LR3) and “Ququan” (LR8) in the rat and provide an insight into the neural relationship between the different acupoints in the same meridian.MethodsThe LR3 and LR8 were selected as the representative acupoints from the Liver Meridian and examined by using the techniques of regional anatomy and neural tract tracing in this study. For both acupoints, their local nerves were observed with regional anatomy, and their sensory and motor pathways were traced using neural tract tracing with single cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) and dual Alexa Fluor 594/488 conjugates with CTB (AF594/488-CTB).ResultsUsing the regional anatomy, the branches of the deep peroneal nerve and saphenous nerve were separately found under the LR3 and LR8. Using single CTB, the sensory neurons, transganglionic axon terminals, and motor neurons associated with both LR3 and LR8 were demonstrated on the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal dorsal horn, Clarke’s nucleus, gracile nucleus, and spinal ventral horn corresponding to their own spinal segments and target regions, respectively. Using dual AF594/488-CTB tracing, it was shown that the sensory and motor neurons associated with LR3 were separated from that of LR8.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that LR3 and LR8 are innervated by different peripheral nerves, which originated from or terminated in their corresponding spinal segments and target regions independently through the sensory and motor pathways. These results provide an example for understanding the differential innervation between the different acupoints in the same meridian.

Neuroanatomical Basis for Acupuncture Point Pc8 in the Rat: Neural Tracing Study with Cholera Toxin Subunit B

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing-Jing Cui ◽  
Li-Juan Ha ◽  
Xin-Long Zhu ◽  
Hong Shi ◽  
Fu-Chun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cholera Toxin ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Spinal Dorsal Horn ◽  
Acupuncture Point ◽  
Cuneate Nucleus ◽  
Spinal Dorsal ◽  
Neural Tracing ◽  
Cholera Toxin Subunit B ◽  
Subunit B

Objectives This study was performed to investigate the innervations related to acupuncture point PC8 in rats using a neural tracing technique. Methods After 6 μL of 1% cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) was injected into the site between the second and third metacarpal bone in rats, a corresponding site to acupuncture point PC8 in the human body, CTB labelling was examined with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal cord and brainstem. Results All CTB labelling appeared on the ipsilateral side of the injection. The labelled sensory neurons distributed from cervical (C)6 to thoracic (T)1 DRG, while the labelled motor neurons were located on the dorsolateral part of the spinal ventral horn ranging from the C6 to T1 segments. In addition, the transganglionically-labelled axonal terminals were found to be dense in the medial part of laminae 3–4 from C6 to the T1 spinal dorsal horn, as far as in the cuneate nucleus. Conclusions These results indicate that sensory and motor neurons associated with PC8 distribute in a distinct segmental pattern. The sensory information from PC8 could be transganglionically transported to the spinal dorsal horn and cuneate nucleus.

scholarly journals Correlated Sensory and Sympathetic Innervation Between the Acupoint BL23 and Kidney in the Rat

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyun Zhang ◽  
Dongsheng Xu ◽  
Jia Wang ◽  
Jingjing Cui ◽  
Shuang Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Visceral Organ ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Calcitonin Gene ◽  
Neural Tracing ◽  
Cholera Toxin Subunit B ◽  
Spinal Segments ◽  
Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry

Objective: To investigate the sensory and sympathetic innervations associated with both acupoint “Shenshu” (BL23) and kidney in the rat for insight into the neuronal correlation between the Back-Shu Point and its corresponding visceral organ.Methods: The BL23 and kidney were selected as the representative acupoint and visceral organ in this study, in which their local nerve fibers were examined by using double fluorescent immunohistochemistry with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Meanwhile, their neuronal correlation in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), spinal cord, and sympathetic (paravertebral) chain were investigated using a double fluorescent neural tracing technique with Alexa Fluor 488 and 594 conjugates with cholera toxin subunit B (AF488/594-CTB).Results: The local tissue of acupoint BL23 and the fibrous capsule of kidney distributed abundantly with CGRP- and TH-positive nerve fibers, corresponding to their sensory and sympathetic innervation. On the other hand, the sensory neurons associated with acupoint BL23 and kidney were labeled with AF488/594-CTB and distributed from thoracic (T) 11 to lumbar (L) 3 DRGs and from T10 to L2 DRGs, respectively, in which some of them in T12-T13 DRGs were simultaneously labeled with both AF488/594-CTB. Also, postganglionic neurons associated with both acupoint BL23 and kidney were found in the sympathetic chain at the same spinal segments but separately labeled with AF488-CTB and AF594-CTB.Conclusion: Our study demonstrates the neural characteristics of the acupoint BL23 and kidney in the rat from the perspective of neurochemistry and neural pathways, providing an example for understanding the neuronal correlation between the Back-Shu Points and their corresponding visceral organs. These results suggest that the stimulation of the Back-Shu Points may regulate the activities of the target-organs via the periphery sensory and sympathetic pathways.

scholarly journals A New Multichannel Spectral Imaging Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunhai Zhang ◽  
Bian Hu ◽  
Yakang Dai ◽  
Haomin Yang ◽  
Wei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Spectral Imaging ◽  
Biological Tissues ◽  
Confocal Microscope ◽  
Fluorescent Labeling ◽  
Confocal Imaging ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Key Technologies

We have developed a new multichannel spectral imaging laser scanning confocal microscope for effective detection of multiple fluorescent labeling in the research of biological tissues. In this paper, the design and key technologies of the system are introduced. Representative results on confocal imaging, 3-dimensional sectioning imaging, and spectral imaging are demonstrated. The results indicated that the system is applicable to multiple fluorescent labeling in biological experiments.

scholarly journals Flux of signalling endosomes undergoing axonal retrograde transport is encoded by presynaptic activity and TrkB

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong Wang ◽  
Sally Martin ◽  
Tam H. Nguyen ◽  
Callista B. Harper ◽  
Rachel S. Gormal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Super Resolution ◽  
Retrograde Transport ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Neurotrophin Receptor ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
Cholera Toxin Subunit B ◽  
Super Resolution Microscopy ◽  
Subunit B

AbstractAxonal retrograde transport of signalling endosomes from the nerve terminal to the soma underpins survival. As each signalling endosome carries a quantal amount of activated receptors, we hypothesized that it is the frequency of endosomes reaching the soma that determines the scale of the trophic signal. Here we show that upregulating synaptic activity markedly increased the flux of plasma membrane-derived retrograde endosomes (labelled using cholera toxin subunit-B: CTB) in hippocampal neurons cultured in microfluidic devices, and liveDrosophilalarval motor neurons. Electron and super-resolution microscopy analyses revealed that the fast-moving sub-diffraction-limited CTB carriers contained the TrkB neurotrophin receptor, transiently activated by synaptic activity in a BDNF-independent manner. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of TrkB activation selectively prevented the coupling between synaptic activity and the retrograde flux of signalling endosomes. TrkB activity therefore controls the encoding of synaptic activity experienced by nerve terminals, digitalized as the flux of retrogradely transported signalling endosomes.

Red fluorescent AuNDs with conjugation of cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) for extended-distance retro-nerve transporting and long-time neural tracing

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 394-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yueqi Zhao ◽  
Suraj Maharjan ◽  
Yuanqing Sun ◽  
Zhe Yang ◽  
Enfeng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cholera Toxin ◽  
Neural Tracing ◽  
Cholera Toxin Subunit B ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Subunit B

A video rate laser scanning confocal microscope

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongzhou Ma ◽  
James Jiang ◽  
Hongwu Ren ◽  
Alex E. Cable
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Confocal Microscope ◽  
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope

scholarly journals Intranasal Vaccination Using Interleukin-12 and Cholera Toxin Subunit B as Adjuvants To Enhance Mucosal and Systemic Immunity to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Glycoproteins

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 5589-5597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana I. Albu ◽  
Agnes Jones-Trower ◽  
Amy M. Woron ◽  
Kathleen Stellrecht ◽  
Christopher C. Broder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Mucosal Antibody ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cholera Toxin Subunit B ◽  
Iga Antibody ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Subunit B ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT We have investigated the induction of protective mucosal immunity to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolate 89.6 by intranasal (i.n.) immunization of mice with gp120 and gp140 together with interleukin-12 (IL-12) and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) as adjuvants. It was found that both IL-12 and CTB were required to elicit mucosal antibody responses and that i.n. immunization resulted in increased total, immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), and IgG2a anti-HIV-1 antibody levels in serum; increased total, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA antibody expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids; and increased IgA antibody levels in vaginal washes. Levels of anti-HIV-1 antibodies in both sera and secretions were higher in groups immunized with gp140 than in those immunized with gp120. However, only gp120-specific mucosal antibodies demonstrated neutralizing activity against HIV-1 89.6. Taken together, the results show that IL-12 and CTB act synergistically to enhance both systemic and local mucosal antibody responses to HIV-1 glycoproteins and that even though gp140 induces higher antibody titers than gp120, only gp120-specific mucosal antibodies interfere with virus infectivity.

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