scholarly journals Frequency-Dependent Streaming Potentials: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jouniaux ◽  
C. Bordes
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Transition Frequency ◽  
Formation Factor ◽  
Potential Coefficient ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Streaming Potentials ◽  
Dynamic Permeability ◽  
Inertial Flow

The interpretation of seismoelectric observations involves the dynamic electrokinetic coupling, which is related to the streaming potential coefficient. We describe the different models of the frequency-dependent streaming potential, mainly Packard's and Pride's model. We compare the transition frequency separating low-frequency viscous flow and high-frequency inertial flow, for dynamic permeability and dynamic streaming potential. We show that the transition frequency, on a various collection of samples for which both formation factor and permeability are measured, is predicted to depend on the permeability as inversely proportional to the permeability. We review the experimental setups built to be able to perform dynamic measurements. And we present some measurements and calculations of the dynamic streaming potential.

scholarly journals Experimental Measurement of Frequency-Dependent Permeability and Streaming Potential of Sandstones

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. J. Glover ◽  
R. Peng ◽  
P. Lorinczi ◽  
B. Di
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Elastic Waves ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Transition Frequency ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Critical Transition ◽  
Potential Coefficient ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Dynamic Permeability

Abstract Hydraulic flow, electrical flow and the passage of elastic waves through porous media are all linked by electrokinetic processes. In its simplest form, the passage of elastic waves through the porous medium causes fluid to flow through that medium and that flow gives rise to an electrical streaming potential and electrical counter-current. These processes are frequency-dependent and governed by coupling coefficients which are themselves frequency-dependent. The link between fluid pressure and fluid flow is described by dynamic permeability, which is characterised by the hydraulic coupling coefficient (Chp). The link between fluid pressure and electrical streaming potential is characterised by the streaming potential coefficient (Csp). While the steady-state values of such coefficients are well studied and understood, their frequency dependence is not. Previous work has been confined to unconsolidated and disaggregated materials such as sands, gravels and soils. In this work, we present an apparatus for measuring the hydraulic and streaming potential coefficients of high porosity, high permeability consolidated porous media as a function of frequency. The apparatus operates in the range 1 Hz to 2 kHz with a sample of 10 mm diameter and 5–30 mm in length. The full design and validation of the apparatus are described together with the experimental protocol it uses. Initial data are presented for three samples of Boise sandstone, which present as dispersive media with the critical transition frequency of 918.3 ± 99.4 Hz. The in-phase and in-quadrature components of the measured hydraulic and streaming potential coefficients have been compared to the Debye-type dispersion model as well as theoretical models based on bundles of capillary tubes and porous media. Initial results indicate that the dynamic permeability data present an extremely good fit to the capillary bundle and Debye-type dispersion models, while the streaming potential coefficient presents an extremely good fit to all of the models up to the critical transition frequency, but diverges at higher frequencies. The streaming potential coefficient data are best fitted by the Pride model and its Walker and Glover simplification. Characteristic pore size values calculated from the measured critical transition frequency fell within 1.73% of independent measures of this parameter, while the values calculated directly from the Packard model showed an underestimation by about 12%.

scholarly journals Frequency-Dependent Streaming Potential of Porous Media—Part 2: Experimental Measurement of Unconsolidated Materials

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. J. Glover ◽  
E. Walker ◽  
J. Ruel ◽  
E. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Potential Coefficient ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
New Apparatus ◽  
Good Agreement

Frequency-dependent streaming potential coefficient measurements have been made upon Ottawa sand and glass bead packs using a new apparatus that is based on an electromagnetic drive. The apparatus operates in the range 1 Hz to 1 kHz with samples of 25.4 mm diameter up to 150 mm long. The results have been analysed using theoretical models that are either (i) based upon vibrational mechanics, (ii) treat the geological material as a bundle of capillary tubes, or (iii) treat the material as a porous medium. The best fit was provided by the Pride model and its simplification, which is satisfying as this model was conceived for porous media rather than capillary tube bundles. Values for the transition frequency were derived from each of the models for each sample and were found to be in good agreement with those expected from the independently measured effective pore radius of each material. The fit to the Pride model for all four samples was also found to be consistent with the independently measured steady-state permeability, while the value of the streaming potential coefficient in the low-frequency limit was found to be in good agreement with other steady-state streaming potential coefficient data.

Scaling Behavior Of Dynamic Permeability In Porous Media

1988 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Sheng ◽  
Min-Yao Zhou ◽  
E. Charlaix ◽  
A. Kushnick ◽  
J. P. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Universal Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formation Factor ◽  
Geometric Information ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dynamic Permeability ◽  
Dimensionless Function

AbstractWe show that the scaling of the dynamic permeability κ(ω) by its static value κ0 and the frequency ω by a characteristic frequency ω0 particular to the medium results in a dimensionless function , with , which is dominated by the geometry of the throat regions in a porous medium. If the pore cross sectional area S varies slowly near the throat, i.e. dS/dz ≃ 0 where z is the distance normal to the cross section, then is an approximate universal function independent of microstructures. When scaling holds, the dynamic permeability κ(ω) is shown to contain only two pieces of geometric information, and the knowledge of either the low-frequency or the high-frequency asymptotic constants of κ(ω) would enable one to deduce the other missing parameters. In particular, since the high-frequency asymptotic parameters of κ(ω) can be related to the electrical formation factor and the volume-to-surface ratio, the static permeability value κ0 may be directly deduced from such non-permeability measurements.

scholarly journals A Parametric Study on the Immunomodulatory Effects of Electroacupuncture in DNP-KLH Immunized Mice

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun Kwang Kim ◽  
Youngseop Lee ◽  
Hyunjoo Cho ◽  
Sungtae Koo ◽  
Sun Mi Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parametric Study ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Th2 Cytokines ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Total Ige ◽  
The Difference

This study was conducted to compare the effects of low frequency electroacupuncture (EA) and high frequency EA at acupoint ST36 on the production of IgE and Th1/Th2 cytokines in BALB/c mice that had been immunized with 2,4-dinitrophenylated keyhole limpet protein (DNP-KLH), as well as to investigate the difference in the immunomodulatory effects exerted by EA stimulations at acupoint ST36 and at a non-acupoint (tail). Female BALB/c mice were divided into seven groups: normal (no treatments), IM (immunization only), ST36-PA (IM + plain acupuncture at ST36), ST36-LEA (IM + low frequency (1 Hz) EA at ST36), ST36-HEA (IM + high frequency (120 Hz) EA at ST36), NA-LEA (IM + low frequency (1 Hz) EA at non-acupoint) and NA-HEA (IM + high frequency (120 Hz) EA at non-acupoint). EA stimulation was performed daily for two weeks, and total IgE, DNP-KLH specific IgE, IL-4 and IFN-γlevels were measured at the end of the experiment. The results of this study showed that the IgE and IL-4 levels were significantly suppressed in the ST36-LEA and ST36-HEA groups, but not in the NA-LEA and NA-HEA groups. However, there was little difference in the immunomodulatory effects observed in the ST36-LEA and ST36-HEA groups. Taken together, these results suggest that EA stimulation-induced immunomodulation is not frequency dependent, but that it is acupoint specific.

Frequency-dependent velocity analysis and offset-dependent low-frequency amplitude anomalies from hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs in the southern North Sea, Norwegian sector

Geophysics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. N51-N60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayyid Suhail Ahmad ◽  
R. James Brown ◽  
Alejandro Escalona ◽  
Børge O. Rosland
Keyword(s):  
North Sea ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Spectral Decomposition ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Velocity Analysis ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Lower Velocity ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The North Sea

Our aim was to identify some of the characteristics of low-frequency anomalies. Specifically, we have looked, in 3D broadband data from the North Sea, for any offset dependence in these anomalies and any frequency-related change in normal moveout (NMO) velocity that could influence stacking power over different frequencies. After high-resolution spectral decomposition, two types of low-frequency anomaly have been identified associated with hydrocarbon-bearing reservoirs: (1) at the reservoir top and (2) below the reservoir, with a time delay of approximately 100–200 ms. Both types of anomalies indicate offset dependence. On the near-offset stacks, they are relatively strong, but they tend to be absent on the far-offset stacks. In addition, horizon velocity analysis, which was performed along the horizons picked at the tops of reservoir and nonreservoir intervals, has revealed frequency-dependent NMO velocity. For nonreservoir events, we found no significant difference between the NMO velocities for the low-frequency and high-frequency filtered common-midpoint gathers. However, along the anomalously low-frequency events observed at the tops of, and below, oil-bearing reservoirs, lower velocity is observed for low-frequency and higher velocity for high-frequency filtered gathers. If these properties turn out to be universally typical, increased understanding and inclusion of them could lead to improved workflows and help increase the reliability of low-frequency analysis as a hydrocarbon indicator.

scholarly journals Frequency-Dependent Streaming Potential of Porous Media—Part 1: Experimental Approaches and Apparatus Design

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. J. Glover ◽  
J. Ruel ◽  
E. Tardif ◽  
E. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Potential Coefficient ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Electrokinetic Phenomena ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Design Build ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
Piezoelectric Drive

Electrokinetic phenomena link fluid flow and electrical flow in porous and fractured media such that a hydraulic flow will generate an electrical current andvice versa. Such a link is likely to be extremely useful, especially in the development of the electroseismic method. However, surprisingly few experimental measurements have been carried out, particularly as a function of frequency because of their difficulty. Here we have considered six different approaches to make laboratory determinations of the frequency-dependent streaming potential coefficient. In each case, we have analyzed the mechanical, electrical, and other technical difficulties involved in each method. We conclude that the electromagnetic drive is currently the only approach that is practicable, while the piezoelectric drive may be useful for low permeability samples and at specified high frequencies. We have used the electro-magnetic drive approach to design, build, and test an apparatus for measuring the streaming potential coefficient of unconsolidated and disaggregated samples such as sands, gravels, and soils with a diameter of 25.4 mm and lengths between 50 mm and 300 mm.

Permeability and borehole Stoneley waves: Comparison between experiment and theory

Geophysics ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Winkler ◽  
Hsui‐Lin Liu ◽  
David Linton Johnson
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Stoneley Wave ◽  
Biot Theory ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

We performed laboratory experiments to evaluate theoretical models of borehole. Stoneley wave propagation in permeable materials. A Berea sandstone and synthetic samples made of cemented glass beads were saturated with silicone oils. We measured both velocity and attenuation over a frequency band from 10 kHz to 90 kHz. Our theoretical modeling incorporated Biot theory and Deresiewicz‐Skalak boundary conditions into a cylindrical geometry and included frequency‐dependent permeability. By varying the viscosity of the saturating pore fluid, we were able to study both low‐frequency and high‐frequency regions of Biot theory, as well as the intermediate transition zone. In both low‐frequency and high‐frequency regions of the theory, we obtained excellent agreement between experimental observations and theoretical predictions. Velocity and attenuation (1/Q) are frequency‐dependent, especially at low frequencies. Also at low frequencies, velocity decreases and attenuation increases with increasing fluid mobility (permeability/viscosity). More complicated behavior is observed at high frequencies. These results support recent observations from the oil field suggesting that Stoneley wave velocity and attenuation may be indicative of formation permeability.

scholarly journals Estimating streaming potentials associated with geothermal circulation at the Main Central Thrust: an example from Tatopani-Kodari hot spring in central Nepal

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic Perrier ◽  
Gyani Raja Chitrakar ◽  
Thierry Froidefond ◽  
Dilliram Tiwari ◽  
Umesh Gautam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spring ◽  
Analytical Calculation ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Crushed Rock ◽  
Main Central Thrust ◽  
Potential Coefficient ◽  
Streaming Potentials ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Stress Accumulation

Streaming potential coefficient and electrical conductivity have been measured in the laboratory as a function of KCI electrolyte conductivity for six crushed rock samples collected at the Main Central Thrust (MCT) zone, near the Tatopani­Kodari hot spring in Central Nepal. Surface conductivity values range from 0.11±0.07 to 1.19±0.13 mS/m and values of the inferred ζ potential vary from -16.3±0.2 mV to -41.2±1.0 mV. These experimental values are used to model the streaming potential coefficient and the rock resistivity as a function of permeability. The electric potential generated on sur face by the geothermal circulation at the MCT zone is then derived using a simple two-dimensional analytical calculation. The maximum expected anomaly depends on the values of poorly known parameters such as the permeability of the MCT but is estimated to be of the order of 20 mV, and in general tends to remain below 100 mV. Such anomalies, although they could reflect variations of crustal parameters associated with stress accumulation, are difficult to detect and do not appear as a promising possibility in the search for earthquake precursors.

scholarly journals Streaming Potential in Unconsolidated Samples Saturated with Monovalent Electrolytes

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luong Duy Thanh
Keyword(s):  
Electrolyte Concentration ◽  
Effective Conductivity ◽  
Empirical Relation ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Formation Factor ◽  
Potential Coefficient ◽  
Silica Surfaces ◽  
Fluid Concentration ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Rock Parameters

The streaming potential coefficient of liquid-rock systems is theoretically a very complicated function depending on many parameters including temperature, fluid concentration, fluid pH, as well as rock parameters such as porosity, grain size, pore size, and formation factor etc. At a given porous media, the most influencing parameter is the fluid conductivity or electrolyte concentration. Therefore, it is useful to have an empirical relation between the streaming potential coefficient and electrolyte concentration. In this work, the measurements of the streaming potential for four unconsolidated samples (sandpacks) saturated with four monovalent electrolytes at six different electrolyte concentrations have been performed. From the measured streaming potential coefficient, the empirical expression between the streaming potential coefficient and electrolyte concentration is obtained. The obtained expression is in good agreement with those available in literature. Additionally, it is seen that the streaming potential coefficient depends on types of cation in electrolytes and on samples. The dependence of the streaming potential coefficient on types of cation is qualitatively explained by the difference in the binding constant for cation adsorption on the silica surfaces. The dependence of the streaming potential coefficient on samples is due to the variation of effective conductivity and the zeta potential between samples.

scholarly journals Frequency Dependent Electrical Properties of Ferroelectric Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 Thin Film

1970 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ala’eddin A. SAIF ◽  
Zul Azhar ZAHID JAMAL ◽  
Zaliman SAULI ◽  
Prabakaran POOPALAN
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Electric Modulus ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Region ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
High Frequency Region ◽  
Frequency Dependent

The frequency dependent electrical parameters, such as impedance, electric modulus, dielectric constant and AC conductivity for ferroelectric Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 thin film have been investigated within the range of 1 Hz and 106 Hz at room temperature. Z* plane shows two regions corresponding to the bulk mechanism and the distribution of the grain boundaries-electrodes process. M" versus frequency plot reveals a relaxation peak, which is not observed in the ε″ plot and it has been found that this peak is a non-Debye-type. The frequency dependent conductivity plot shows three regions of conduction processes, i. e., a low-frequency region due to DC conduction, a mid-frequency region due to translational hopping motions and a high-frequency region due to localized hopping and/or reorientational motion.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.2.490

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