scholarly journals Frequency-Dependent Streaming Potential of Porous Media—Part 1: Experimental Approaches and Apparatus Design

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. J. Glover ◽  
J. Ruel ◽  
E. Tardif ◽  
E. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Potential Coefficient ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Electrokinetic Phenomena ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Design Build ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Electro Magnetic ◽  
Piezoelectric Drive

Electrokinetic phenomena link fluid flow and electrical flow in porous and fractured media such that a hydraulic flow will generate an electrical current andvice versa. Such a link is likely to be extremely useful, especially in the development of the electroseismic method. However, surprisingly few experimental measurements have been carried out, particularly as a function of frequency because of their difficulty. Here we have considered six different approaches to make laboratory determinations of the frequency-dependent streaming potential coefficient. In each case, we have analyzed the mechanical, electrical, and other technical difficulties involved in each method. We conclude that the electromagnetic drive is currently the only approach that is practicable, while the piezoelectric drive may be useful for low permeability samples and at specified high frequencies. We have used the electro-magnetic drive approach to design, build, and test an apparatus for measuring the streaming potential coefficient of unconsolidated and disaggregated samples such as sands, gravels, and soils with a diameter of 25.4 mm and lengths between 50 mm and 300 mm.

scholarly journals Experimental Measurement of Frequency-Dependent Permeability and Streaming Potential of Sandstones

2019 ◽  
Vol 131 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. J. Glover ◽  
R. Peng ◽  
P. Lorinczi ◽  
B. Di
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Elastic Waves ◽  
Fluid Pressure ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Transition Frequency ◽  
High Porosity ◽  
Critical Transition ◽  
Potential Coefficient ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Dynamic Permeability

Abstract Hydraulic flow, electrical flow and the passage of elastic waves through porous media are all linked by electrokinetic processes. In its simplest form, the passage of elastic waves through the porous medium causes fluid to flow through that medium and that flow gives rise to an electrical streaming potential and electrical counter-current. These processes are frequency-dependent and governed by coupling coefficients which are themselves frequency-dependent. The link between fluid pressure and fluid flow is described by dynamic permeability, which is characterised by the hydraulic coupling coefficient (Chp). The link between fluid pressure and electrical streaming potential is characterised by the streaming potential coefficient (Csp). While the steady-state values of such coefficients are well studied and understood, their frequency dependence is not. Previous work has been confined to unconsolidated and disaggregated materials such as sands, gravels and soils. In this work, we present an apparatus for measuring the hydraulic and streaming potential coefficients of high porosity, high permeability consolidated porous media as a function of frequency. The apparatus operates in the range 1 Hz to 2 kHz with a sample of 10 mm diameter and 5–30 mm in length. The full design and validation of the apparatus are described together with the experimental protocol it uses. Initial data are presented for three samples of Boise sandstone, which present as dispersive media with the critical transition frequency of 918.3 ± 99.4 Hz. The in-phase and in-quadrature components of the measured hydraulic and streaming potential coefficients have been compared to the Debye-type dispersion model as well as theoretical models based on bundles of capillary tubes and porous media. Initial results indicate that the dynamic permeability data present an extremely good fit to the capillary bundle and Debye-type dispersion models, while the streaming potential coefficient presents an extremely good fit to all of the models up to the critical transition frequency, but diverges at higher frequencies. The streaming potential coefficient data are best fitted by the Pride model and its Walker and Glover simplification. Characteristic pore size values calculated from the measured critical transition frequency fell within 1.73% of independent measures of this parameter, while the values calculated directly from the Packard model showed an underestimation by about 12%.

scholarly journals Frequency-Dependent Streaming Potential of Porous Media—Part 2: Experimental Measurement of Unconsolidated Materials

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. J. Glover ◽  
E. Walker ◽  
J. Ruel ◽  
E. Tardif
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Potential Coefficient ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
New Apparatus ◽  
Good Agreement

Frequency-dependent streaming potential coefficient measurements have been made upon Ottawa sand and glass bead packs using a new apparatus that is based on an electromagnetic drive. The apparatus operates in the range 1 Hz to 1 kHz with samples of 25.4 mm diameter up to 150 mm long. The results have been analysed using theoretical models that are either (i) based upon vibrational mechanics, (ii) treat the geological material as a bundle of capillary tubes, or (iii) treat the material as a porous medium. The best fit was provided by the Pride model and its simplification, which is satisfying as this model was conceived for porous media rather than capillary tube bundles. Values for the transition frequency were derived from each of the models for each sample and were found to be in good agreement with those expected from the independently measured effective pore radius of each material. The fit to the Pride model for all four samples was also found to be consistent with the independently measured steady-state permeability, while the value of the streaming potential coefficient in the low-frequency limit was found to be in good agreement with other steady-state streaming potential coefficient data.

scholarly journals A study on the variation of zeta potential with mineral composition of rocks and types of electrolyte

2018 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-116
Author(s):  
Luong Duy Thanh ◽  
Rudolf Sprik
Keyword(s):  
Porous Media ◽  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Physical Review ◽  
Surface Site ◽  
Porous Rocks ◽  
Geophysical Research ◽  
Potential Coefficient ◽  
Electrokinetic Phenomena ◽  
Site Density

Streaming potential in rocks is the electrical potential developing when an ionic fluid flows through the pores of rocks. The zeta potential is a key parameter of streaming potential and it depends on many parameters such as the mineral composition of rocks, fluid properties, temperature etc. Therefore, the zeta potential is different for various rocks and liquids. In this work, streaming potential measurements are performed for five rock samples saturated with six different monovalent electrolytes. From streaming potential coefficients, the zeta potential is deduced. The experimental results are then explained by a theoretical model. From the model, the surface site density for different rocks and the binding constant for different cations are found and they are in good agreement with those reported in literature. The result also shows that (1) the surface site density of Bentheim sandstone mostly composed of silica is the largest of five rock samples; (2) the binding constant is almost the same for a given cation but it increases in the order KMe(Na+) < KMe(K+) < KMe(Cs+) for a given rock.References Corwin R. F., Hoovert D.B., 1979. The self-potential method in geothermal exploration. Geophysics 44, 226-245. Dove P.M., Rimstidt J.D., 1994. Silica-Water Interactions. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 29, 259-308. Glover P.W.J., Walker E., Jackson M., 2012. Streaming-potential coefficient of reservoir rock: A theoretical model. Geophysics, 77, D17-D43. Ishido T. and Mizutani H., 1981. Experimental and theoretical basis of electrokinetic phenomena in rock-water systems and its applications to geophysics. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 1763-1775. Jackson M., Butler A., Vinogradov J., 2012. Measurements of spontaneous potential in chalk with application to aquifer characterization in the southern UK: Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology, 45, 457-471. Jouniaux L. and T. Ishido, 2012. International Journal of Geophysics. Article ID 286107, 16p. Doi:10.1155/2012/286107. Kim S.S., Kim H.S., Kim S.G., Kim W.S., 2004. Effect of electrolyte additives on sol-precipitated nano silica particles. Ceramics International 30, 171-175. Kirby B.J. and Hasselbrink E.F., 2004. Zeta potential of microfluidic substrates: 1. Theory, experimental techniques, and effects on separations. Electrophoresis, 25, 187-202. Kosmulski M., and Dahlsten D., 2006. High ionic strength electrokinetics of clay minerals. Colloids and Surfaces, A: Physicocemical and Engineering Aspects, 291, 212-218. Lide D.R., 2009, Handbook of chemistry and physics, 90th edition: CRC Press. Luong Duy Thanh, 2014. Electrokinetics in porous media, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Luong Duy Thanh and Sprik R., 2016a. Zeta potential in porous rocks in contact with monovalent and divalent electrolyte aqueous solutions, Geophysics, 81, D303-D314. Luong Duy Thanh and Sprik R., 2016b. Permeability dependence of streaming potential coefficient in porous media. Geophysical Prospecting, 64, 714-725. Luong Duy Thanh and Sprik R., 2016c. Laboratory Measurement of Microstructure Parameters of Porous Rocks. VNU Journal of Science: Mathematics-Physics 32, 22-33. Mizutani H., Ishido T., Yokokura T., Ohnishi S., 1976. Electrokinetic phenomena associated with earthquakes. Geophysical Research Letters, 3, 365-368. Ogilvy A.A., Ayed M.A., Bogoslovsky V.A., 1969. Geophysical studies of water leakage from reservoirs. Geophysical Prospecting, 17, 36-62. Onsager L., 1931. Reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. I. Physical Review, 37, 405-426. Revil A. and Glover P.W.J., 1997. Theory of ionic-surface electrical conduction in porous media. Physical Review B, 55, 1757-1773. Scales P.J., 1990. Electrokinetics of the muscovite mica-aqueous solution interface. Langmuir, 6, 582-589. Behrens S.H. and Grier D.G., 2001. The charge of glass and silica surfaces. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 115, 6716-6721. Stern O., 1924. Zurtheorieder electrolytischendoppelschist. Z. Elektrochem, 30, 508-516. Tchistiakov A.A., 2000. Physico-chemical aspects of clay migration and injectivity decrease of geothermal clastic reservoirs: Proceedings World Geothermal Congress, 3087-3095. Wurmstich B., Morgan F.D., 1994. Modeling of streaming potential responses caused by oil well pumping. Geophysics, 59, 46-56. 

scholarly journals Changes in Electrokinetic Coupling Coefficients of Granite under Triaxial Deformation

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Kuwano ◽  
Shingo Yoshida
Keyword(s):  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Coupling Coefficients ◽  
Bulk Resistivity ◽  
Potential Coefficient ◽  
Electrokinetic Phenomena ◽  
Streaming Current ◽  
Source Current ◽  
Rock Interface ◽  
Electromagnetic Signals ◽  
Onset Of Dilatancy

Electrokinetic phenomena are believed to be the most likely origin of electromagnetic signals preceding or accompanying earthquakes. The intensity of the source current due to the electrokinetic phenomena is determined by the fluid flux and the electrokinetic coupling coefficient called streaming current coefficient; therefore, how the coefficient changes before rupture is essential. Here, we show how the electrokinetic coefficients change during the rock deformation experiment up to failure. The streaming current coefficient did not increase before failure, but continued to decrease up to failure, which is explained in terms of the elastic closure of capillary. On the other hand, the streaming potential coefficient, which is the product of the streaming current coefficient and bulk resistivity of the rock, increased at the onset of dilatancy. It may be due to change in bulk resistivity. Our result indicates that the zeta potential of the newly created surface does not change so much from that of the preexisting fluid rock interface.

scholarly journals Frequency-Dependent Streaming Potentials: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Jouniaux ◽  
C. Bordes
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Transition Frequency ◽  
Formation Factor ◽  
Potential Coefficient ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Streaming Potentials ◽  
Dynamic Permeability ◽  
Inertial Flow

The interpretation of seismoelectric observations involves the dynamic electrokinetic coupling, which is related to the streaming potential coefficient. We describe the different models of the frequency-dependent streaming potential, mainly Packard's and Pride's model. We compare the transition frequency separating low-frequency viscous flow and high-frequency inertial flow, for dynamic permeability and dynamic streaming potential. We show that the transition frequency, on a various collection of samples for which both formation factor and permeability are measured, is predicted to depend on the permeability as inversely proportional to the permeability. We review the experimental setups built to be able to perform dynamic measurements. And we present some measurements and calculations of the dynamic streaming potential.

scholarly journals ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA

1931 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Abramson ◽  
E. B. Grossman
Keyword(s):  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Experimental Comparison ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Real Difference ◽  
Electrokinetic Phenomena ◽  
Egg Albumin ◽  
Streaming Potentials ◽  
The Difference

1. The conditions are described which are necessary for the comparison of certain types of electrokinetic potentials. An experimental comparison is made of (a) electrophoresis of quartz particles covered with egg albumin; and (b) similar experiments by Briggs on streaming potentials. A slight, consistent, difference is found between the electrophoretic potential and the streaming potential. This difference is probably due to the difference in the protein preparations used rather than to real difference in the electrophoretic and streaming potentials. 2. Data are given which facilitate the measurements and enhance the precision of the estimation of electrical mobilities of microscopic particles.

scholarly journals Electro-Osmotic Behavior of Polymeric Cation-Exchange Membranes in Ethanol-Water Solutions

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 692
Author(s):  
V. María Barragán ◽  
Juan P. G. Villaluenga ◽  
Víctor Morales-Villarejo ◽  
M. Amparo Izquierdo-Gil
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Membrane System ◽  
Electrolyte Solutions ◽  
Joule Effect ◽  
Potential Coefficient ◽  
Water Solutions ◽  
Onsager Reciprocity ◽  
Ethanol Content ◽  
Reciprocity Relations

The aim of this work is to apply linear non-equilibrium thermodynamics to study the electrokinetic properties of three cation-exchange membranes of different structures in ethanol-water electrolyte solutions. To this end, liquid uptake and electro-osmotic permeability were estimated with potassium chloride ethanol-water solutions with different ethanol proportions as solvent. Current–voltage curves were also measured for each membrane system to estimate the energy dissipation due to the Joule effect. Considering the Onsager reciprocity relations, the streaming potential coefficient was discussed in terms of ethanol content of the solutions and the membrane structure. The results showed that more porous heterogeneous membrane presented lower values of liquid uptake and streaming potential coefficient with increasing ethanol content. Denser homogeneous membrane showed higher values for both, solvent uptake and streaming coefficient for intermediate content of ethanol.

scholarly journals Saturation Dependence of the Streaming Potential Coefficient

2020 ◽  
pp. 73-100
Author(s):  
Laurence Jouniaux ◽  
Vincent Allègre ◽  
Renaud Toussaint ◽  
Fabio Zyserman
Keyword(s):  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Potential Coefficient

Seismo-electric Conversion in Sandstones and Shales using 2 Different Experimental Approaches, Modelling and Theory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Glover ◽  
Rong Peng ◽  
Piroska Lorinczi ◽  
Bangrang Di
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Clay Minerals ◽  
Shale Gas ◽  
Streaming Potential ◽  
Oil Reservoirs ◽  
Low Permeability ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Potential Coefficient

&lt;p&gt;The development of seismo-electric (SE) exploration techniques relies significantly upon being able to understand and quantify the strength of frequency-dependent SE conversion. However, there have been very few SE measurements or modelling carried out. In this paper we present two experimental methods for making such measurements, and examine how the strength of SE conversion depends on frequency, porosity, permeability, and why it is unusual in shales. The first is based on an electromagnetic shaker and can be used in the 1 Hz to 2 kHz frequency range. The second is a piezo-electric water-bath apparatus which can be used in the 1kHz to 500 kHz frequency range.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The first apparatus has been tested on samples of Berea sandstone. Both the in-phase and in-quadrature components of the streaming potential coefficient have been measured with an uncertainty of better than &amp;#177;4%. The experimental measurements show the critical frequency at which the quadrature component is maximal, and the frequency of this component is shown to agree very well with both permeability and grain size. The experimental measurements have been modelled using several different methods.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The second apparatus was used to measure SE coupling as a function of porosity and permeability, interpreting the results using a micro-capillary model and current theory. We found a general agreement between the theoretical curves and the test data, indicating that SE conversion is enhanced by increases in porosity over a range of different frequencies. However, SE conversion has a complex relationship with rock permeability, which changes with frequency, and which is more sensitive to changes in the petrophysical properties of low-permeability samples. This observation suggests that seismic conversion may have advantages in characterizing low permeability reservoirs such as tight gas and tight oil reservoirs as well as shale gas reservoirs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We have also carried out SE measurements on Sichuan Basin shales (permeability 1.47 &amp;#8211; 107 nD), together with some comparative measurements on sandstones (0.2 &amp;#8211; 60 mD). Experimental results show that SE conversion in shales is comparable to that exhibited by sandstones, and is approximately independent of frequency in the seismic frequency range (&lt;1 kHz). Anisotropy which arises from bedding in the shales results in anisotropy in the streaming potential coefficient. Numerical modelling has been used to examine the effects of varying zeta potential, porosity, tortuosity, dimensionless number and permeability. It was found that SE conversion is highly sensitive to changes in porosity, tortuosity and zeta potential in shales. Numerical modelling suggests that the cause of the SE conversion in shales is enhanced zeta potentials caused by clay minerals, which are highly frequency dependent. This is supported by a comparison of our experimental data with numerical modelling as a function of clay mineral composition from XRD measurements. Consequently, the sensitivity of SE coupling to the clay minerals suggests that SE exploration may have potential for the characterization of clay minerals in shale gas and shale oil reservoirs.&lt;/p&gt;

Reduction in transmembrane Ca influx induced by the negative inotropic action of nicardipine in frog ventricular muscle

1986 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 927-930
Author(s):  
Junna Hatae
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Action Potential ◽  
Resting Potential ◽  
Ventricular Muscle ◽  
Inotropic Action ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Dihydropyridine Derivative

The effects of nicardipine, a new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative, on electrical and mechanical properties of frog ventricular muscle were examined. Nicardipine (3 × 10−7 M) reduced the twitch tension, and this reduction was frequency dependent, and considerable, in case of high frequencies. The resting potential was not affected by nicardipine (3 × 10−7 M), but the plateau height of the action potential was decreased and the duration of the action potential was shortened. The suppression of this plateau height was frequency dependent. The nicardipine-induced suppression of tension and action potential could be almost completely antagonized by raising the concentration of [Ca]o or by applying isoprenaline (8 × 10−7 M). These results suggest that the negative inotropic action of nicardipine is induced mainly by a reduction in the transmembrane Ca influx.

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