scholarly journals Distribution and Fate of Military Explosives and Propellants in Soil: A Review

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Pichtel
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Energetic Materials ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Open Burning ◽  
Manufacturing Operations ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
Open Detonation

Energetic materials comprise both explosives and propellants. When released to the biosphere, energetics are xenobiotic contaminants which pose toxic hazards to ecosystems, humans, and other biota. Soils worldwide are contaminated by energetic materials from manufacturing operations; military conflict; military training activities at firing and impact ranges; and open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) of obsolete munitions. Energetic materials undergo varying degrees of chemical and biochemical transformation depending on the compounds involved and environmental factors. This paper addresses the occurrence of energetic materials in soils including a discussion of their fates after contact with soil. Emphasis is placed on the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX), and the propellant ingredients nitroglycerin (NG), nitroguanidine (NQ), nitrocellulose (NC), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and perchlorate.

Characterization of Emissions Produced by the Open Burning/Open Detonation of Complex Munitions

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Wilcox ◽  
Ben Entezam ◽  
Michael J. Molenaar ◽  
Thomas R. Shreeve
Keyword(s):  
Open Burning ◽  
Open Detonation

Cardio-respiratory and biochemical responses of military training event at Jungle environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Angad Yadav ◽  
Tirthankar Chatterjee ◽  
Debojyoti Bhattacharyya ◽  
Somnath Singh ◽  
Madhusudan Pal
Keyword(s):  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Biochemical Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Training Event ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
Exercise Induced

Background: In military environment, soldiers regularly practice or undergo different types of extreme training activities. However, globally the literatures available on the physiological and biochemical demand of different extreme military training activities are very scanty and less reported. Aims and Objective: The present study was undertaken to quantify the cardio-respiratory and biochemical responses of military training event in jungle environment. Materials and Methods: Mathew’s Mad Mile (MMM) activity is a type of specialized run of 1.5 mile in jungle environment. This training activity was conducted on rugged jungle terrain comprised of undulated uphill, downhill, muddy surface. Twenty-five SHAPE-1 healthy soldiers were volunteered into training event. Cardiorespiratory data was recorded continuously throughout the event and venous blood sample was drawn before and immediately after completion of the event. Statistical significance was considered at p<0.05. Results: There was no significant difference observed in heart rate and breathing rate while core body temperature was significantly (p = 0.02) higher in slow finisher as compared to fast finisher. In fast finisher, post exercise level of BDNF, BNP, SDH, cortisol and UCP1 increased significantly (p<0.05), whereas, BHB (p<0.01) decreased significantly in comparison to pre-exercise. In slow finishers, post exercise level of cortisol, KYNA and UCP1 increased significantly (p<0.05), whereas, BDNF, BNP and SDH decreased significantly (p<0.05), in comparison to pre-exercise. Conclusion: The outcome of this study indicated that the slow finishers were more susceptible to risk of injury due to higher exercise induced thermogenesis and mental stress in comparison to fast finisher.

Hair cortisol concentration is unaffected by basic military training, but related to sociodemographic and environmental factors

Stress ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Boesch ◽  
Sandra Sefidan ◽  
Hubert Annen ◽  
Ulrike Ehlert ◽  
Lilian Roos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Cortisol Concentration ◽  
Hair Cortisol

scholarly journals The Association between Endogenous Hair Steroid Hormones and Social Environmental Factors in a Group of Conscripts during Basic Military Training

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 12239
Author(s):  
Asta Mažeikienė ◽  
Svajone Bekesiene ◽  
Dovilė Karčiauskaitė ◽  
Eglė Mazgelytė ◽  
Gerry Larsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Military Service ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Steroid Hormone ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Task Cohesion ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Social Environmental Factors ◽  
The Military

This study aimed to analyse the association between endogenous hair steroid hormones as reliable biological indicators of an individual’s stress level and the social environmental factors experienced during military training that are manifested at the beginning of compulsory military service. Hair steroid hormone concentrations—cortisol, cortisone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and testosterone—in a group of 185 conscripts were measured using the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Six subjective social environmental factors in the military—attitude towards the military and military service, adaptation to the military environment, team, task, and norm cohesion, as well as psychological (un)safety in the group—were evaluated using military-specific research questionnaires. Weak but significant negative correlations were identified between cortisol and adaptation (r = −0.176, p < 0.05), attitude (r = −0.147, p < 0.05) as well as between testosterone and task cohesion (r = −0.230, p < 0.01) levels. Additionally, a multiple forward stepwise regression analysis highlighted that cortisone variation might be partially explained by task cohesion; the DHEA—determined by psychological (un)safety in the group, attitude towards the military and military service, and norm cohesion; and the testosterone—determined by task cohesion and adaptation to the new military environment. The results of this study suggest that subjective measures of social factors can be used to predict hair steroid hormone levels as objective measures of the chronic stress perceived by conscripts during their basic military training.

Method for Screening and Analysis of Residues Common to Munition Open Burning/Open Detonation (OB/OD) Sites

1992 ◽  
Vol 48 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 217-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Major ◽  
R. T. Checkai ◽  
C. T. Phillips ◽  
R. S. Wentsel ◽  
R. O. Nwanguma
Keyword(s):  
Open Burning ◽  
Open Detonation

Seabird and Dolphin Mortality Associated with Underwater Detonation Exercises

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerri Danil ◽  
Judy A. St. Leger
Keyword(s):  
East Coast ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Training Exercises ◽  
Common Dolphins ◽  
Delphinus Capensis ◽  
Wildlife Mortality

AbstractWe report the details of two wildlife mortality events that were associated with underwater detonations. The detonations occurred as part of military training activities at Silver Strand Training Complex in San Diego, California. In March 2006, an underwater detonation resulted in 70 western grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis) being killed by subsequent sequential detonations in the same training exercise. Ten of the 70 western grebes impacted were necropsied, verifying cause of death as primary blast injury. In March 2011, a time-delayed underwater detonation resulted in the death of three or possibly four long-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus capensis). While these blast events were unlikely to impact these species on a population level, underwater detonations do have the potential for population-level impacts on wildlife. Both events were accidental mortalities and the first ever documented from Navy underwater detonation training in Hawaii, Southern California, and along the U.S. East Coast. The Navy updated its underwater explosive mitigation measures after each of these mortality events to limit the potential of future mortalities by requiring sequential detonations to occur either less than 5 s or more than 30 min apart and by suspending time-delayed detonation training exercises until more robust precautionary measures can be developed.

scholarly journals Willingness to Defend Latvia: Suffering from Disillusionment, Distrust and Individual Preferences and Abilities

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Palkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Physical Factors ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Global Context ◽  
Individual Preferences ◽  
Russian Speakers ◽  
The Baltic

As a part of the publication “Willingness to Defend Own Country in the Baltic States: Implications for National Security and NATO’s Collective Defence” (2021), the author of this chapter assesses willingness to defend Latvia. In Latvia, the willingness level is lower than in Estonia but higher than in Lithuania. That level is neither high nor low in a regional and global context. The author in her chapter names the main categories of reasons that affect the situation. First, a set of detrimental factors – disillusionment with political and economic development and the related widespread distrust in state institutions and politicians. Second is a mixed factor & actor – Russia. Its military conflict with Ukraine, assertive behaviour and negative rhetoric towards Latvia have made a considerable part of the Latvian society feel insecure, whereas another part of the society, mostly Russian speakers, remain more sympathetic to Russia. Third is an impeding mix of physiological and physical factors – complacency resulting from the lack of recent experience of notable conflicts and the lack of military training of most people.

scholarly journals A Review on Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Explosive Chemicals

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 58-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thankgod Ositadinma Ndibe ◽  
Benthai Benjamin ◽  
Winnie Chuno Eugene ◽  
Johnson John Usman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Contaminated Soil ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Explosive Chemicals

Military training activities as well as manufacturing and decommissioning operations, lead to the generation of large quantities of explosive chemicals. Detonation and disposal of these explosive chemicals contaminate soil and ground water, thus posing a threat to living organisms and natural resources. The most commonly used explosives in artillery shells, bombs, grenades and other munitions are 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). Due to their recalcitrant nature, toxicity and persistence in the environment, the study of their biodegradation and biotransformation is paramount. This paper reviews the chemistry, fate, degradation and transformation of this explosive chemicals in the natural environment. Emphasis is placed on TNT, RDX and HMX. This review will help scientists to adopt strategies and develop optimum biological treatment scheme for the in situ bioremediation of explosives-contaminated soil especially at firing/impact ranges.

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